Karl Marx’s Views on Family Ethics Essay -- Karl Marx Communist Manife

Karl Marx’s Views on Family Ethics Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Karl Marx committed a lot of his chance to the investigation of profound quality, also called morals. Karl Marx was a firm adherent to Communism and he wrote the Communist Manifesto, alongside Frederick Engels. Family morals is an issue managed by Karl Marx in his lessons and compositions. As indicated by Marx and his co-creator, Engels, profound quality is the captive of intrigue. Moral codes and morals are accepted to be reliant on the individual and comparative with the social setting.[1] Ethics are examined on a philosophical level and furthermore in regular disputable subject conversations or discussions. Marx was an enormous supporter of opportunity and accepted that opportunity was an aftereffect of the Communist party and its convictions. Karl Marx had little confidence later on for Capitalism and the arrangement of Monarchy, and he accepted that once these two thoughts of legislative issues were wiped out, Communism would move in and supplant an inappropriate contemplations imparted with Capitalism and Monarchy, and give the world sense and reason. Expressing his emotions unmistakably in the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx noticed that the selling point in the economy ought to be simply the individuals, not the working work, cash, or lease from the property.[2] To enhance these speculations, Marx proposes a conclusion to the issue of men and their exercises, which is to coordinate men’s consideration on the economy so that there could be common opportunity. There are a few errors in Marx’s hypotheses, similar to the topic of what else affects opportunity. There are di fferent issues, yet the issue remains that individuals are uninformed if opportunity morals applies to all individuals and how it influences the advanced society. ... ...roposal for the world and Communism was excessively far-got and would not work. Each time there has been a push towards Communism, it has consistently fizzled. There have been a few fruitless endeavors, all consummation in a dangerous fascism. While he realized opportunity was a significant issue, he needed information that family life was likewise noteworthy. Notes [1] Kamenka, Eugene. Marxism and Ethics. New York: W.D. Hudson, 1969 - Pg. 4. [2] Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 13. [3] Heyer, Paul. Nature, Human Nature, and Society. Greenwood Press, 1982 †Pg.126. [4] Heyer, Paul. Pg. 125. [5] Heyer, Paul. Pg. 127 [6] Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 26. [7] Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 49. [8] Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 51. [9] Koren, Henry. Marx and the Authentic Man. Pittsburgh, PA, 1967 †Pg. 33. [10] Koren, Henry. Pg. 67. [11] Koren, Henry. Pg. 68.

Lean Supply Chain Management Essay

Assembling, Fall River, MA, USA Abstract Lean flexibly is firmly connected with empowering ? ow and the disposal of inefficient variety inside the flexibly chain. Be that as it may, lean activities rely upon level planning and the developing need to oblige assortment and request vulnerability has brought about the rise of the idea of readiness. This paper investigates the job of stock and limit in pleasing such variety and identi? es how TRIZ detachment standards and TOC devices might be joined in the coordinated advancement of responsive and ef? cient flexibly chains. A point by point clothing industry contextual investigation is utilized to delineate the use of these ideas and instruments. r 2003 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights held. Watchwords: Agile; Trade-offs; Lean; Quick reaction 1. Acquaintance Outsourcing make with minimal effort abroad providers is an appealing bait in our worldwide economy, yet frequently attempted without sufficient respect for the market needs and the comparing requests on the related conveyance frameworks. Items contend in various manners in various markets and conveyance frameworks should be structured in view of this. Seaward flexibly offers alluring cost bene? ts, yet the exchange off is regularly significant levels of stock to help a more slow reaction ability.

Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon Essay -- Terrorism

Deadly Dilemma: Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon Since the time the beginning of biotechnology, the world needed to confront another quandary: bioterrorism. Utilizing natural operators, for example, microorganisms, infections, growths, and so forth., bioterrorism assault means to cause disease of death in individuals, creatures, or plants as a technique for fighting. Utilized from the beginning of time, natural weapon fills in as a crucial job in incapacitating a military. Botulism poison, known for the most poisonous substance in the natural world, has been utilized since the beginning as an organic weapon. The microbes Clostridium botulinum causes botulism causes botulism sickness, which is a genuine crippled ailment that strikes all age gatherings. The clinical types of botulism incorporate foodborne botulism, baby botulism, and wound botulism. Botulism, whenever left untreated, is lethal; be that as it may, even treatment with antiserum can not give full recuperation. Botulism is uncommon an ailment. Consequently, on the off chance that anybody is determined to have foodborne botulism, examination of food flexibly should be completed quickly; for examination of the botulism-analyzed person's encompassing is the main strategy for distinguishing a potential bioterrorism assault. With the ceaseless headways in biomedicine follows a constant multiplication of bioterrorism, which utilizes organic specialists for malevolent purposes (Anderson 2). All the more explicitly, bioterrorism is a technique for fear mongering that purposefully discharges or scatters organic weapons that might be in normal happening or human-changed structure (Botulism-Definition). In spite of the fact that bioterrorism is considered as an ongoing situation, the utilization of natural weapon originates before written history, during the old occasions where organic poisons were separated from plants and creatures and ap... ... Oct 2001. Focal point of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Branch of Health and Human Services. 21 Jul 2007 . Fong, I.W., and Ken Alibek. Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents. New York: Springer Science and Business Media, 2005. Hurlbert, R.E.. Natural Weapons: Malignant Biology. 1997. 21 July 2007 hurlbert/micro101/pages/101biologicalweapons.html+no+tool+or+piece+of+kno wledhe+has+an+innate+moral+context&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us >. Knobler, Stacy L. , Adel A. F. Mahmoud, and Leslie A. Implore. Natural Threats and Fear based oppression. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine, 2002. Shapiro, Daniel S and Alice S. Weissfeld. Botulism Toxin. Sentinel Laboratory Rules for Suspected Agents of Bioterrorism 21 July 2007 .

Characters in your answer Essay Example for Free

Characters in your answer Essay Closer the finish of the book, he manages another circumstance he faces in a whimsical, imprudent way, indicating that he simply needs it over with as quickly as time permits, and that he doesnt truly care about what's going on, pretty much himself and his notoriety. TJ is going to be held tight Granger Land, by the nightmen for shooting Jim Lee Barnett, and as opposed to preventing them from killing TJ, Mr Granger essentially says they need to do it on somebody elses land. Mr. Granger sent word by me that he aint going to represent no holding tight his place. He state you all touch one hair on that young men head while he on this land, hes going to consider each man here capable. Anyway in the long run Harlan Granger stops the hanging, to manage an alternate trouble that he is confronted with, yet his lone genuine thought processes in this are on the grounds that the Logan land is ablaze and initially he needs the land, and besides he doesnt need the fire to spread and crush his own territory. Dry as that timber may be, a fire get hold it wont fizzle out for seven days. Give that kid to Wade like he needs and jump on up there! All things considered, Harlan Grangers methods of managing troubles and circumstances that he is confronted with are not very much idea out, and he just arrangements with them out of childishness, or for his own reasons as opposed to help other people. Dad is a grown-up like Harlan Granger, however he also has various methods of managing troubles and circumstances that he is confronted with. Dad manages things he progressively consistent way. He shows braveness, and charity all through the novel, managing things such that will profit others more than himself, if not exclusively for other people. Toward the finish of the book, when TJ is in a difficult situation, Papa gives the best indications of doing everything he can to help other people. Despite the fact that the Logans are not wealthy, Papa burns down their cotton field, so as to occupy the nightmen from hanging TJ, on the grounds that he realizes that they will come and attempt to put it out. This outcomes in joining the network. Dad gazed out as an electrical discharge fragmented the night into a stunning splendor. He is cunning, since like Cassie, he designs the circumstance before he proceeds with it, turning out to be the manner by which he can make the fire look unplanned, understanding that the lightning could have struck. He doesnt advise a spirit or admit to it, with the goal that no mischief can come to him. people thinkin that lightning struck that fence of yours and lit the fire Its better, I imagine that you avoid this now David Or someone may light pondering about that fire For his last trouble, Papa is confronted with his four kids soliciting what will become from their companion, TJ. He doesnt lie to them, but then he doesnt straightforwardly answer their inquiry when they pose if TJ could pass on, so he isn't harming them however they despite everything know. I aint never deceived you all, you all realize that. All things considered, I wish I could mislead you all at this point. To summarize Papas character, he is a lot of like his little girl, computing, cunning, and arranging everything, except he is a lot more shrewd, and doesnt act puerile. His activities for the most part bring about helping others, they seldom hurt individuals superfluously. He is exceptionally not at all like Harlan Granger, since he doesnt have his own private plan. Show review just The above see is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Mildred Taylor segment.

How to Write a Scholarly Paper

How to Write a Scholarly PaperWhen looking for information on how to write a scholarly paper, there are many resources available to students who are serious about their education. The reason for this is that it is not easy to perform research in order to find the right information that is necessary in order to do well in your degree program. Since so much of your work will be based on what you read, or what you have to work with, you want to make sure that you are comfortable with the information that you have been given.As a student you want to be able to trust that all of the information that you read is reliable and true. If you are unsure as to whether or not a certain source is credible, then you want to make sure that you are researching and gathering the right kind of information that you can use in order to write a well-researched, legitimate academic paper. This is the only way that you can be confident that you are prepared for whatever comes next.There are several basic wa ys that you can research on how to write a scholarly paper. The first is to visit a college or university that has already completed your degree. You can either visit the campus where your classes are held, or you can go online and check out the history that they have had, which could help you to better understand how they have conducted themselves in the past.Papers are required in order to pass your course. Even if you were to finish your course with a grade that is very low, it does not necessarily mean that you are not prepared to begin your academic career. Even if you received a lower grade than you expected, it does not mean that you cannot succeed in school.When you visit the school, you can go to the library and browse through books on different subjects that you are interested in, as well as see the many subjects that they cover in their course of study. This will give you a good idea of how the topic is covered by the students in that institution. This is a great way to g et some ideas on how to write a scholarly paper.It will also give you a good idea of how to format your work as well as what type of font you should use on your entire page. There are many online sources that can help you get ideas on how to write a scholarly paper. For example, you can check out writing competitions in order to see examples of what the best writers have written.You can also talk to someone from the school that you are going to talk to them about how to write a scholarly paper. You should take advantage of any help that you can get, as there is a lot that they can do for you. Most people who work at colleges are quite helpful, and are more than willing to help you with this task.It is very important that you check and understand what they tell you about how to write a paper, especially if they have not done any comprehensive research on the topic. Most of the time, this will help you to save yourself a lot of money and trouble in the future. It is better to be safe and educated now than to be sorry in the end.

Tech Nomads

Tech Nomads The mother of all adventures, the Mongol Rally is an 8000 mile dash across ?????? of the earths surface in cars that most people consider underpowered for doing the shopping. We have no entourage of support vehicles, there is no carefully marked course, there are no professional drivers, fast cars, or even good cars. Its just you, your pants-mobile and thousands of miles of adventure. Not only do we provide the worlds most extreme car challenge, you get to save the world at the same time. The Mongol rally is a charity event raising money for some fantastic organisations. The group of MIT of students who have entered the rally has named itself the Tech Nomads. From their website, heres the suggested route: Leg 1 (Checkpoint High Tea) London to Prague We polish of our drinks at the launch party, leap into the cars and head for Dover. Once we hit the mainland we drive as fast as possible to escape the flat parts of Germany to get to Prague hopefully at around 4pm, just in time for afternoon tea. There will be a big old knees up as from here on out the adventure begins. Leg 2 (The Trinity) Prague to Moscow, Kiev or Istanbul The route divides into three affording a huge number of options for teams to plan their ultimate route. A: Firstly the northern one Checkpoint Borsch (Moscow), through the Baltic States and on to the Russian capital for a subtle blend of vodka, cabbage and Soviet style. B: Secondly the central one Checkpoint Cossack (Kiev), across the heart of the old Soviet block and through political shifts and wild plains of the Ukraine. C: And finally the southern one Checkpoint Byzantium (Istanbul), A southerly charge over the miles and miles of mountains to the coffee shops and ancient winding streets of the old Ottoman capital and the bridge to Asia. Leg 3 (Checkpoint Seljuk) Somewhere to Samarkand From the three Trinity checkpoints teams push further east, some through Mountains of Iran, others across the Caspian Sea and Turkmen desert, some over the Kazakh steppe and others through the forests of Russia. The possibilities for adventure are nearly endless. Once the teams emerge from the roaring heat of various deserts we all reconvene in Samarkand on the ancient silk route, where a much needed beverage or three will be found. Leg 4 (Checkpoint Tsagaannuur) Samarkand to Tsagaannuur Winding north through the beautiful Mountains of Kyrgyzstan and into Kazakhstan for a dash north to the Russian border. Then on into the Altai region, described as the most beautiful part of Russia before entering Mongolia at its western tip. Leg 5 (Checkpoint Chinghis) Tsagaannuur to Ulaan Baatar Now for what can only be described as the most amazing driving in the world. And you thought ripping across the desert was fun! There are a loads of routes across Mongolia, all of them incredible and very very little of it will have any sort of road surface. Your maps will be practically uselss, roads move all the time, every where has the same name, there are no sign posts, rodent holes replace pot holes, the fun just goes on. Imagine drining off road across a deserted green valley with wild aromatic grasses scenting the air as you go, what could be better? Once/if you get to the finish, which will be in the Ulaan Baatar area, all that will remain will be to sit back in the comfort of your ger and enjoy a well-earned drink as the sun sets over the mountains. Theyre doing this whole thing in support of two charities: #1. Send a Cow Send a Cow is a Christian charity that enables poor farmers in Africa to become self-reliant by providing them with livestock, training and advice. We work with some of the most vulnerable groups in Africa, including children orphaned by war, families affected by AIDS, and disabled people. #2. Mercy Corps Mercy Corps works amid disasters, conflicts, chronic poverty and instability to unleash the potential of people who can win against impossible odds. Since 1979, Mercy Corps has provided $1 billion in assistance to people in 82 nations. Supported by headquarters offices in North America, Europe, and Asia, the agencys unified global programs employ 2,700 staff worldwide and reach nearly 10 million people in more than 40 countries. If you want to support these students and their charities, please go to their website and make a donation. You can contact them at [emailprotected]

Theres No Crying in Baseball - Free Essay Example

Participation trophies are hurting children. Giving these trophies for nothing but participation is a relatively new idea thought of by parents who cannot let their childrens failure reflect back on them. Trophies and ribbons given out in this manner give children the belief that they are better than they actually are and that they deserve more than they actually deserve. When these participation trophies are handed out it takes away all incentive for children to want to try to earn a real trophy. People must stop giving children participation trophies because they affect their futures negatively, they create narcissistic traits, and they ruin the meaning of real trophies. Participation trophies will have negative effects on these children in the future. When children grow up into adults they will face many let downs. By giving trophies just for participating, it seems that people are missing a perfect opportunity to educate children about the frustrations and let downs that life will inevitably bring. We are teaching our youth a poor lesson by rewarding them for failure. These trophies teach them that they will always succeed just for making the effort to show up, which is very untrue. Not only do participation trophies not prepare them for failure, but they do not prepare them for handling their own mistakes and learning from them. The real problem with this is that not only are they taught that they will receive a trophy for however hard they try, but that they do not even have to try at all. This lesson teaches children a trait that they cannot have a successful future with- narcissism. Children become more narcissistic when they are given participation trophies. They become entitled to some form of reward just for showing up. As stated earlier, these children will be let down, and they will be put down. It is the parents job to build them back up, but not inflate their ego. When they become narcissistic, they start to believe that they are good enough and they never strive to improve. When this happens and they grow up to be old enough that they do not get participation trophies anymore, the inverse happens to them because they have been taught their entire life that failure is so bad no one should ever have to go through it. This kind of coddling with children, which was meant to boost childrens self-esteem, is actually much more harmful to kids self-esteem than the old method of only letting the most skilled and hardest working kids be winners. Parents will suggest that participation trophies are not harmful to kids because they know they are worthless, but it is degrading for them to see their peers receive a reward and not them. Parents believe that these fake trophies are not fooling any of the kids because it is just a way to recognize any type of effort, not actually reward participation, but it is actually hurting kids who have no interest in sports and only play to receive the trophy and it is also hurting kids who take a great interest in sports and never feel like they get recognized enough. Participation trophies ruin real trophies. When a child puts in hours into practicing a sport every day and gives all of their effort all season long, it is discouraging to them when, even though they receive a trophy for winning all of their games, everyone else gets a trophy too. Participation trophies were made to help losers feel better, but they are making the real athletes feel worse. The kids that put in extra effort should be the ones who receive rewards. Other kids should strive to earn a trophy but there is nothing to earn anymore. Anyone can get a trophy, which makes the best tool to motivate athletes and recognize effort useless. Trophies should be able to teach the focus, dedication, sacrifice, practice, or hard work that it takes to be the best at something. When you give one to every kid it takes this away. Negatively affecting childrens futures, creating narcissistic traits, and ruining the meaning of trophies are why people must stop giving out participation trophies. They do not prepare children for future failures that they will face. They do not allow them to learn from their mistakes and they actually teach them that making mistakes is something that is so horrible that it should not ever be done. Making mistakes is nothing that they should be ashamed of. When they lose a game they should reflect on it and learn how to overcome obstacles that they could not before. What they should be ashamed of is not trying- which is what they are rewarded for. Participation trophies turn children into entitled narcissists that need more recognition for doing only what is expected of them and nothing more. What makes this all worse is that it turns away the children that have a passion for sports that believe they are only as good as the other players who do not try as hard as them, do not pract ice as often as them, and do not commit as much emotional involvement into the sport. Some children wake up every weekend morning early to go out to the batting cages with their fathers to practice before the before game practice, they throw tennis balls against the walls outside their house to practice their fielding, they give all of their effort into a sport that they love and they are told by their lack of recognition for that effort that they are only as good as the children that sleep in every weekend and roll out of bed right before the game, the children that chase butterflies in the outfield, and the children that do not even want to play. When we do not recognize real effort, children will stop giving real effort. When we start rewarding children for all of the extra hard work and time they put into something, other children will start working harder, too. If you care about your child, you should not allow them to receive a participation trophy.

Political Parties and the Facebook Founder

Mark Zuckerberg says hes neither a Democrat nor a Republican. But his social media network, Facebook, has played a huge role in American politics, particularly the election of Donald Trump in 2016. Zuckerberg Isnt Affiliated With a Major Party Zuckerberg is registered to vote in Santa Clara County, California, but does not identify himself as being affiliated with the Republican, Democrat or any other party, according to a 2013 report in the Wall Street Journal. I think its hard to affiliate as being either a Democrat or a Republican. Im pro knowledge economy, Zuckerberg said in September 2016. Facebook Political Action Committee The Facebook cofounder  and his companys  political action committee  have  given tens of  thousands of dollars to political candidates of both parties in recent years, a relatively small amount given the vast sums of money flowing through the election process. Yet the billionaire’s spending on campaigns does not tell us much  about his political affiliation, a topic of much speculation. Zuckerberg is a major contributor to Facebook’s political-action committee, called Facebook Inc. PAC. He’s given $25,000 to the PAC since 2011, according to federal records. The Facebook PAC raised nearly $350,000 in the 2012 election cycle. It spent $277,675 supporting federal candidates; Facebook spent more on Republicans ($144,000) than it did on Democrats ($125,000).   In the 2016 elections, Facebook PAC spent $517,000 supporting federal candidates. In all, 56 percent went to Republicans and 44 percent went to Democrats. In the 2018 election cycle, Facebook PAC spent $278,000 supporting candidates for federal office, mostly on Republicans, records show. Zuckerberg did, however, give his largest one-time donation to the Democratic Party in San Francisco in 2015 when he cut a check for $10,000, according to Federal Election Commission records. He has sharply criticized President Trumps Republican immigration policies, saying he was concerned about the impact of the presidents first executive orders. We need to keep this country safe, but we should do that by focusing on people who actually pose a threat, Zuckerberg wrote on his Facebook page. Expanding the focus of law enforcement beyond people who are real threats would make all Americans less safe by diverting resources, while millions of undocumented folks who dont pose a threat will live in fear of deportation. Zuckerbergs large donation to Democrats and his criticism of Trump have led some to the conclusion that the Facebook CEO is a Democrat. But Zuckerberg did not contribute to anyone in the 2016 congressional or presidential races, not even Democrat Hillary Clinton. He also stayed out of the 2018 midterm elections, records show. But Zuckerberg and Facebook have  nonetheless come under intense scrutiny for the social networks outsized influence on American political discourse, in particular its role in the 2016 election. Campaign Contributions to Republicans and Democrats Zuckerberg himself has contributed to:   Sean Eldridge: Zuckerberg contributed the maximum $5,200 to the Republican House candidate’s campaign committee in 2013. Eldridge is husband of Facebook co-founder Chris Hughes, according to the National Journal.Orrin G. Hatch: Zuckerberg contributed the maximum $5,200 to the Republican senator from Utah’s campaign committee in 2013.Marco Rubio: Zuckerberg contributed the maximum $5,200 to the Republican senator from Florida’s campaign committee in 2013.Paul D. Ryan: Zuckerberg contributed $2,600 to the failed 2012 Republican vice presidential nominee and House member in 2014.Charles E. Schumer: Zuckerberg contributed the maximum $5,200 to the Democratic senator from New York’s campaign committee in 2013.Cory Booker:  Zuckerberg also contributed $7,800 in 2013 to the  prominent member of the Democratic Party and senator  who is widely believed to be a leading candidate for president as soon as 2020. But  Zuckerberg  sought and received a full ref und for unexplained reasons. Facebooks Role in the 2016 Election Facebook has drawn fire not for its or its founders campaign contributions, however, but for its business practices. The company has been criticized for allowing partisan third parties (one of which had ties to the Trump campaign) to collect data about users, and for allowing its platform to serve as a tool for Russian groups seeking to sow discord among the American electorate. Zuckerberg was called to testify in his own defense before members of Congress who had express concern for user privacy. The companys largest controversy to date has been the disclosure, first reported by The New York Times, that a political consulting firm harvested the data of tens of millions of Facebook users, information that was later used to build psychological profiles of potential voters in 2016. The firm, Cambridge Analytica, worked for the Trump campaign in 2016. Its misuse of the data prompted internal investigations by Facebook and the suspension of about 200 apps. Facebook was also hammered by policymakers for allowing the  proliferation of misinformation, often called fake news, across its platform—misinformation that was designed to disrupt the election process, government officials have said. A  Kremlin-backed firm called the  Internet Research Agency purchased thousands of derogatory Facebook ads as part of its operations to interfere in elections and political processes,† federal prosecutors allege. Facebook did little, if anything, to discourage the spread of misinformation before and during the campaign. Zuckerberg and Facebook launched efforts to take down fake accounts and misinformation. The social media cofounder told members of Congress the company previously didnt take a broad enough view of our responsibility, and that was a big mistake. It was my mistake, and Im sorry. I started Facebook, I run it, and Im responsible for what happens here. Political Advocacy Zuckerberg is among the tech leaders behind FWD.us, or Forward U.S. The group is organized as a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization under Internal Revenue Service code. That means it can spend money on electioneering or make contributions to super PACs without naming individual donors. FWD.us spent $600,000 on lobbying for immigration reform in 2013, according to the Center For Responsive Politics in Washington. The group’s primary mission is to get policy makers to pass comprehensive immigration reform that includes, among other tenets, a pathway to citizenship for the estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants currently living in the United States who do not have legal status. Zuckerberg and many tech leaders are lobbying Congress to pass measures that would allow for more temporary visas to be issued to high-skilled workers. The contributions to individual members of congress or candidates listed above are examples of his support for those who back immigration reform. Zuckerberg, though he personally has contributed to Republican political campaigns, has said the FWD.us is nonpartisan. â€Å"We will work with members of Congress from both parties, the administration and state and local officials,† Zuckerberg wrote in The Washington Post. â€Å"We will use online and offline advocacy tools to build support for policy changes, and we will strongly support those willing to take the tough stands necessary to promote these policies in Washington.†

The Ethical Codes Of Public Relations - 1106 Words

Public relations practice has had a long history in which the question of appropriate ethics has been at the centre of its evolution into a profession. This essay will argue that improved ethics over time has changed the public relations profession for the better, but that there are still further considerations of ethnicity. Firstly, the earlier stages of the public relations practice, which saw unethical, manipulative behaviour give way to a new outlook of transparency, will be explored. It will then outline public relations evolution from practice to profession through the Two-Way Asymmetric model to the Two-Way Symmetric model. Lastly, the ethical codes that underpin the public relations profession and how they can be improved will be†¦show more content†¦2007, p. 24). Lee understood that publicity on its own was not enough to ‘†¦influence the public†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, that it needed to be ‘†¦supported by good works.’ (Lattimore et al. 2007, p. 2 4) and is credited with ‘†¦put(ing) public relations on the right track†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Lattimore et al. 2007, p. 30). Heath (2001, p. 3) outlines how public relations began to embrace ‘†¦mutually beneficial relationships.’, which allowed for a better paradigm where markets are easier to obtain and organisations are given ‘†¦a license to operate.’. Health (2001, p. 6) states that the public relations practise could not control publics, which resulted in new ‘†¦strategies that foster trust and build community.’, where ‘(d)ialogue replaces monologue...’. Lee (citied in Newsom et al. 2013, p. 33) outline this shift in atitude wrinting that ‘ ‘(t)he relationship of a company to the people †¦ involves far more that saying-it involves doing.’ ‘. Despite Lee’s reputation for change to public relations practice, he also found disgrace after connections to Germany’s Nazi Party were investigated (Lattimore et al. 2007, p. 24), as well ‘†¦his support of Stalin-era Soviet Russia†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Newsom et al. 2013, p. 33). The earliest era of public relations practise was defined by unethical behaviour which lead to changes that placed transparency andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Codes of Practice1513 Words   |  7 Pagesof living. There are people that view values as a personal code, and see them as a personal indication of their beliefs. Our professional values and ethics come from many different sources. In our childhood, our parents and peers are instrumental in the development of our values and ethics. As we enter the workforce we align with our ethical values to our employers, their values are shown through a company’s codes of practice. 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Content 1.Introduction................Read MoreWhat Does A Public Relations Agency Do?1375 Words   |  6 Pagesprint) Identification (Title, publication, date, author(s), hyperlink if available): My first source, published in 2013 on Forbes.com, is an article written by Robert Wynne entitled â€Å"What Does a Public Relations Agency Do?† http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwynne/2013/04/10/what-does-a-public-relations-agency-do/ What was learned: To explicitly define what PR agencies do, Wynne compared the responsibilities of advertising agencies to PR agencies. Wynne began his article stating examples of jobsRead MorePublic Relations Institute Of New Zealand Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Public Relations Institute of New Zealand (PRiNZ) describes Public Relations as this: â€Å"PR should be defined as deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding and excellent communication between an organisation and its publics.â€Å" In order to wholly understand the reasoning of this elaborate definition it is best refined into three sections. This essay hereby endeavours to critically examine the PRiNZ definition of Public Relations against various modelsRead MoreEthics Code Of Professional Ethics980 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle reviewed was Possible Ethical Issues and Their Impact on The Firm: Perceptions Held by Public Accountants. The abstract demonstrates the importance of AICPA’ â€Å"Code of Professional Ethics† and its components, and the influence of management perceptions on firms’ ethical environment (p. 919). Introduction. The authors study business ethics, compliance with ethics code, ethical issues, and ethical behavior of company management. The researchers concern with ethical believes of company employeesRead More Code Of Professional Ethics By American Institute Of Certified Public1259 Words   |  6 Pages Code of Professional Ethics by American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Introduction quot;A code of professional ethics is a voluntary assumption of self discipline above and beyond the requirements of the law. The Code of Ethical Conduct serves the highly practical purpose to notify the public that the profession will protect the public interestquot; (Carey, Doherty: p 3). When people need a doctor, a lawyer or a certified public accountant, they seek someone whom they can trust toRead MoreWhy Is Ethics Important?920 Words   |  4 Pagesaccountant or businessman in today’s world, one must have a strong moral or ethical code and the courage to act upon those principles at all times. Ethics determine what’s right and wrong, what’s acceptable and unacceptable, and what’s fine and what has crossed the line in a society (Wiley 22). It is imperative that accountants are ethical, but the current methods of attempting to find out whether or not a possible employee is ethical can so easily be fooled and mislead. However, a new method has been

The Basic Truths Of Christianity Like Trusting And Grace

Change is in the air and so is uncertainty. It can be new chapter for some and a trial for other. When such things are happening in life it easy to forget our faith especial the basics. I know I have, in fact I have to recollect them often. I easily forget the basic truths of Christianity like trusting and grace. How often I undermine my own salvation with my own merits and misdeeds; but in God s grace and long-suffering, he reminds me who I was, am and will be. So beloved, I wish to share three things He showed me. 1. Who I was: we sing it about, we hear about it yet frankly I seem to forget this point often. For it me, I was saved young so for me, I don t remember what I was before I began following my savior. However, knowing what I was beforehand has shaped my walk more now that I am Christian then before. We all know we were sinners, Roman 3:10,23; 6:23 make that clear; But something I never thought of myself as was beggar. Matthew 5:3 states Blessed are the poor in spirit for theres is the kingdom of God. The original word for poor, that was used during Jesus time was πτωχÎ ¿ÃŽ ¯ which means to crouch referring to a beggar that was double over. So here the picture, someone clothed in rags probably sitting off to the side of the street. They re head is hang down toward their chest and their hand is stretched out just enough to hold the alms they receive from a merciful stranger. This is how we are spiritual. Before we were saved, we re beggar unable to obtain theShow MoreRelatedChristianity And Buddhism And Christianity1468 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and Buddhism exist as two of the predominant religions throughout the world. While Buddhism ranks around fifth in number of followers of religions, it is the third most widespread religion behind Christianity and Islam. Buddhism and Christianity are arrantly distinct in their principle standpoints: Buddhism rejects the existence of a greater being and Christianity proudly professes th e power of a universal God. However, despite this rigid dissimilarity, both religions developed and spreadRead MoreLet Us Not Forget By Morgan R.974 Words   |  4 Pagesbe a new chapter for some and a trial for other. When such things happen in life, it easy to forget our faith especial the basics. I know I have, in fact I have to recollect them often. I easily forget the basic truths of Christianity like trusting in the Father and grace. I am ashamed how often I undermine my own salvation with my own merits and misdeeds; but in God s grace and long-suffering, He reminds me often these three places in my life that remind me daily where i need to be. 1. Who IRead MoreThe Lyrics And Music Of The Beloved Hymn2606 Words   |  11 Pagesas a sinner was saved from my own inherited nature of disobedience by the work of Christ alone. That I didn’t have to rely on my own fallibilities and that my eternal future was certain because of my faith in Christ’s infallible work on the cross. Like many Christians, we all too often hear of people who doubt that there exists the possibility of being sure whether or not one is saved or in other cases where a confessing Christian begins to doubt they were saved in the first place. While this particularRead MoreMy Personal Experience Of God2602 Words   |  11 Pagesworld. I refused to recognize God’s call and it took decades for God’s prevenient grace to bring me back into fellowship with God’s Son. More than a decade ago I felt God’s call again but this time in a completely different way. This time my faith was strong and I had that personal relationship with God’s Son. During my Emmaus Pilgrim Walk in 2007 my teenage prayers came back to me. Calmness overcame me like none I had ever experienced and for the first time in my life I knew that God had setRead MoreThe Models Of Contextual Theology Essay2453 Words   |  10 Pageshis early years working in the Philippines, learning practi cally what it means to minister in a context different from his own; he draws on some of these experiences in his book. The book is aimed particularly at theologians and academics who would like an intellectual basis for understanding the why and how of their own practices of ministry. It also explores a necessity to break away from ‘classical theology’ which has grown up from mostly male-dominated and western-dominated contexts. Bevans providesRead MoreMy Almost Four Years at St. Josephs College2532 Words   |  11 Pagesdid. With the good, comes the bad. In the book of Job, we read about Job who was a very blessed man. He had a lot going for him. When Job lost it all, his family and farm, he did not blame his troubles on God even though Job had never had something like that happen to him before. (Peterson). The remarkable thing about my God is that He is there for me no matter what. And as crazy as it sounds, I find most of my strength in God when things get hectic. Because even though I had a bad day, week, monthRead MoreThe Gift Of Sex : Critique And Review Based On God s Truth6129 Words   |  25 Pages â€Å"The Gift of Sex† Critique and Review Based on God’s Truth Stacy H. McConville Course: Issues in Human Sexuality June 26th 2015 Samantha Moroz Abstract Biblical sexual fulfillment is only achievable in the covenant of marriage, which is how God intends sexual fulfilment to be. In marriage sexual openness and fulfilment brings the two individuals that are united together into a deeper more intimate loving state. This deeperRead MoreNstp Handouts13038 Words   |  53 Pagesshould break this culture of corruption and oppression. For any positive social, economic and political change to begin, every Filipino should take the time to evaluate his/her personal value system and practice the right values that promotes justice, truth, honesty and fairness. Now is not time to blame those who came before us, but now is certainly the time to let the tides of positive change transform this nation and uphold what most of us consider as undoubtedly true, good, lasting and supports lifeRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pages b. the group s physical and psychological setting. c. the group s purpose, history, and status. d. the characteristics of and relationships among group members. e. all of the above. Answer: e. all of the above. . To which basic element of communication is Grace giving special attention when she prepares for an important group meeting by making sure her business suit is pressed, that her hair is well-groomed, that her perfume is pleasant but subtle, and that she takes a breath mint before

Contrasting the Murderers in Dostoevskys Crime and...

Central to both The Stranger and Crime and Punishment is a senseless murder, however, the way each murderer feels about his own act of murder is quite different. Meursault in The Stranger has no personal value attached to things he does in life whether it be day-to-day activities or murder. Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment, on the other hand, feels that in certain cases values of society do not apply, however after the murder realizes that this is not the case for himself. These differences in thought not only provide more insight on the characters individually, but show that although society helps to guides it is up to the individual, based on values and morals, to decide how to live his or her life. Through out the novel, Meursault†¦show more content†¦Because Meursault has no values, even if he did love her, it wouldn’t mean anything to him, it would just be another thing in life. The murder to him was just another thing in his life and was meaningless. While t he prosecutor in the court room is ranting about how he has no remorse for what the murder, Meursault â€Å"couldn’t help admitting that he was right. I didn’t feel much remorse for what I’d done... I had never been able to truly feel remorse for anything† (Camus 100). Raskolnikov on the other hand does feel remorse for what he did and almost goes insane because of it. Before the act, however, he felt differently. He even wrote a paper saying that there are certain people above the law and they should be able to do things above law, including murder. Pyotr Petrovich even questions him: â€Å"Why, carry out logically the theory you were advocating just now, and it follow that people may be killed† (Dostoevsky 153) However after he commits the murder, he goes crazy over the fact that people might convict of the death. When Porfiry asks Raskolnikov how he is, he replies â€Å"I haven’t been quite well.† Porfiry then says he looks quite p ale and Raskolnikov returns â€Å"I am not pale at all... No, I am quite well.† (Dostoevsky 253). This sudden change in answer shows that Raskolnikov is hesitant to answer either direction because he is afraid he might give away his guiltiness. In both stories, it was the society that put pressure on the murderer to

Outline Police and American Civil Rights Free Essays

Ethnicity and the Police Part I: Outline Ethnicity and the Police Part I: Outline (1) Introduction (a) Police corruption (b) Citizen complaints relative to ethnicity (2) Body (a) Police corruption i. Prevalence of police corruption ii. High levels of police corruption iii. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline: Police and American Civil Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now Several Cases of police Misconduct (b) Violation of Amendments i. Abuse of power (c) Citizen complaints against the police i. African American civil rights groups (d) Controlling Police Officer Behavior in the Field i. Using what we know to regulate police ii. Initiated stops and prevent racially biased policing 3) Conclusion (a) Police corruption and citizen complaints relative to ethnicity Over the years, the police have been involved in unethical events that have made the community no longer trust them. These events will never be erased in the eyes of society. The worst part is that now the racial acts, abuse of authority and violation of human rights are over the hot spot. With all these unethical acts, the police department is leaving the worst impression in many minority communities, because of the corruption and brutality that comes from the police patrolling the areas. The police should leave a positive impression with the communities that they serve, this way the police will be able to ask the community for help when needed. Peacemaking is the basic duty of the police force; if police is caught doing things that is not ethical in the community eyes the situation in the community will not change. The public perception of the police is the criminal justice system should work on the factors that cause the public to lower their trust in the way police treats their communities. Making better police in the community can result if there is better cooperation from the criminal justice system. The way police handles combating crime and brutality most attempts to redeem police image would involve education for both public and the police on the effectiveness crime control measures. References Staples, R. (2011). WHITE POWER, BLACK CRIME, AND RACIAL POLITICS. Black Scholar,  41(4), 31. Taslitz, A. E. (2003). RESPECT AND THE FOURTH AMENDMENT. Journal Of Criminal Law Criminology,  94(1), 15. How to cite Outline: Police and American Civil Rights, Essay examples

Leadership Of Bradford Banducci Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Of Bradford Banducci. Answer: Background History Bradford Banducci is the current director and chief executive officer of the Woolworths Group. He was appointed in to the CEO position on February in the year 2016. Before his appointment, Brad had been working with the group as the head of liquor department between the year 2012 and 2015. He later became the managing director in the year 2015 on March before being appointed in the current position. Woolworth Group is one of the major developed organizations in Australia dealing with fast food supplies within and outside the country. The organization has been great doing in the market apart from a few cases where it has reported losses ('Food Retail Industry Profile: Australia' 2008). Before joining the group, Brad had worked with various corporates in different leading positions. From the year 2007 to 2011, he was working as a CEO of Cellar masters a wine retail production company. He also served as chief financial officer before 2007 at Tyro payments, as a vice president and director after sometime at Boston Consulting Group as one of the major member of their retail exercise for 15years. With all these work experiences and leadership skills and experiences, Woolworth took him as the CEO to help revive their supermarkets. Brad originates from South Africa where he is well known of his sales and marketing skills important in enhancing marketing activities. Brad has his education undergraduate degree in Commerce that he attained from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, a graduate degree from the same university and an MBA from Australian Graduate School of Management. His family originates from South Africa where he is believed to have learned from all his existing skills of hard work and production. He is also a member of Woolworths board of directors, former board member of Boston Consulting Group and board member of Gage Roads Brewing Company Limited from July the year 2012 to April the year 2016. All this industrial development skills by Brad have been significant in his career mostly as a leader. Leadership Approach Transformational theory. This is theoretical concept of leadership that is based on the relationship between the leader and the follower or the set target market. It explains a work relationship where the leader is the one giving orders, evaluates the orders given to decide where to punish or reward the follower (Wang, et al, 2011). If the set responsibilities are done as expected, there is little or no collision and the work done is perfect. Transformational theory in leadership is all about enhancing positive change important for organizational development. To both the internal and external environment of the organization, the applied changes should ensure they are in line with the companies set goals and objectives and following the rules to the later. The leaders inspire their followers to follow a certain route important for achieving the set vision (Avolio, et al, 2009). Relevance of transformational theory in leadership is that, it enhances creation of positive opportunities for people to show new ideas as they take responsibility for their implementation. Transformational leaders are in most cases charismatic as they can convince others on changing their existing beliefs and values to adopt new once important for development. They dont just follow the detail of a certain activity but follow the detailed vision of the set activity. Loyalty is key in transformation as the leaders dream to achieve their set goals and objectives. The leaders have a role to positively improve the lives of their followers as they may become disillusioned. Similarly, Transformational leadership theory is more applicable in situations identified to change very fast and employees have required skills relevance to their job description in the respective organization (Giltinane, 2013). Bradford Banducci as the Chief Executive Officer of Woolworth Group, has applied transformational theory of leadership and transformational leadership style. Having acquired adequate experience in leadership from his former employer companys, he is the best suited to change the wellbeing of the group. All from being a board member, he has the role of ensuring proper control in all the companys activities. Ranging from the suppliers of the various products to the company, the receivers of the services who are also the main service providers and the wellbeing of the target market who are also the customers to Woolworth Group (Brauckmann and Pashiardis, 2011). The companys operationsmanagement activities under the control of Bradford Banducci is experiencing a positive change. In his first report on Woolworth group after joining the company on February 2016, he is convinced that the problem affecting the company is poor coordination and management. Though the company does not show a dra stic change and the shareholders have fear of making losses on selling their shares, the market is convinced that the company is making the right steps towards restoring its development faith. Bradford Banducci measures of control are about improving the companys wellbeing step by step as he follow all the set developmental strategies of Woolworth Group (Snowden and Boone, 2007). Among the various instances where Bradford Banducci has demonstrated transformational leadership approach are; Enhancement of positive customers culture. After reaching Woolworth, his first and major focus was on customers culture. He cautioned the aspect that the customer is the most important party for that business existence. As a result, as much as the company is in need of making profits, the customers attention should always be ensured. This is important to enhancing that the customer is always satisfied as its a way of enhancing customers loyalty to the companys services. Bradford Banducci has also enhanced positive relationship with the companys existing suppliers. This is important to help bridge the existing gap between the suppliers and the board of management. He does this by having various communication platforms with them and also implementing an engagement program. He makes efforts to go round the existing Woolworth stores with the major suppliers to help ensuring that they understand the quality of goods and services that the company is in need off. This is important to help initiate a positive change in the supply department as the expected quality is expected from the suppliers after the engagement approach with the CEO (Nahavandi, 2016). Customers focus approach by Bradford Banducci called for increased skilled workforce to help deliver all the required services at the expected time and rate. This is important as the customers satisfaction is improved to help maintain the customers loyalty a key factor towards organizational business growth. Price improvement was also an initiated change that would ensure marketing mix and customers price satisfaction. Challenges faced by the leader Bradford Banducci as Woolworths CEO has been faced by various operational challenges of the company. He has the challenge of ensuring the company gets back to its ground again as its operations and overall productions have been affected by various factors leading to poor marketing. To solve this, he has come up with various strategies of ensuring that the company restores its market confidence. Among them is strategy of improving customers culture by ensuring that every customer to the company is served diligently as required, improvement of products and services price value to fit the level quality of that product or service without utilizing the customers. To be more effective, the CEO would have first analyzed the companys set objectives and followed strategies together with other board members to help understand if all are okay as they should be. This is important to ensure that all the activities enhanced for the companys development are in line with the set strategies to achiev ing the set objectives (Duvall-Dickson, 2016). Another challenge faced by Bradford Banducci as a CEO is, increased level of competition between Woolworth and Wesfarmers and Kmart. With this available stores, customers have alternatives to acquire same products offered by Woolworth at a relatively cheaper price. To help solve this, the CEO is ensuring that the suppliers are aware of the products that the company needs, improved customers culture and prices are also some of the factors he has put in place to ensure that the organization keeps its customers. To solve this challenge more effectively, Bradford Banducci should have enhanced improved marketing mix measures. This would help reaching their customers at all corners and inform them of their current existing services and quality so that they get firsthand information. This is important to prevent bias information from reaching their customers (KNOX KNOX, 2015). Lesson learnt from Bradford Banducci leadership Its clear to note and learn that leadership is a process that requires one with coherent and relevant skills in that particular field. Effective leadership is influenced by various factors like having responsible workforce among others. There are various challenges relating to effective leadership and can only be solved by understanding characteristics of the followers and their needs. Bradford Banducci qualities to influencing positive organization culture Having adequate experience from his former employers in a related field of business as a leader has enhanced his ability to control and direct the organization to the right direction. Allocating tasks to the workforce as he supervise whatever they do thus effective workforce coordination (Woolworths Ltd Earnings Presentation, 2017). Educated. Bradford Banducci has a bachelors degree in Commerce and an MBA in strategic management. These are important skills to enhancing positive organizational influence to achieving the set objectives of the organization. References Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O. and Weber, T.J., 2009. Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual review of psychology, 60, pp.421-449. Brauckmann, S. and Pashiardis, P., 2011. A validation study of the leadership styles of a holistic leadership theoretical framework. International Journal of Educational Management, 25(1), pp.11-32. Duvall-Dickson, S 2016, 'Blending Tribes: Leadership Challenges in Mergers and Acquisitions', SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 81, 4, pp. 16-22, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 September 2017. 'Food Retail Industry Profile: Australia' 2008, p. 1, Complementary Index, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 September 2017. 'Full Year 2017 Woolworths Ltd Earnings Presentation - Final' n.d., Fair Disclosure Wire (Quarterly Earnings Reports), Regional Business News, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 September 2017. Giltinane, C.L., 2013. Leadership styles and theories. Nursing Standard, 27(41), pp.35-39. https://www.afr.com/business/retail/woolworths-ceo-brad-banduccis-first-100-days-the-report-card-20160602-gp9pg0#ixzz4uFILiV76. Reviewed on June 3rd 2016 KNOX, M., KNOX, M. (2015). Supermarket monsters: the price of Coles and Woolworths' dominance. Collingwood, Schwartz Publishing Pty, Limited. Nahavandi, A., 2016. The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E., 2007. A leader's framework for decision making. Harvard business review, 85(11), p.68. Wang, G., Oh, I.S., Courtright, S.H. and Colbert, A.E., 2011. Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research. Group Organization Management, 36(2), pp.223-270.

Human Skills in an Organization Click Now to get Solution

Question: Select one of the following paired areas associated with part 2 of the Human Dimension of the programme. Using theories and models (not Mazlow) from your research critically appraise and evaluate their relationship to Organisational Behaviour. Analyse the impact that your selected topic will have on an employees's motivation at work (include a relevant motivation model or theory). Answer: Introduction: This assignment deals with the theories and concepts of organizational behavior in an organization. For the first step of this assignment, I have chosen personality and individual differences. In this assignment, I also investigate the effect of personal as well as individual differences in the behavior of an organization. For completing the whole project, I have collected data from different scholarly journals from active secondary sources. I have reviewed the selected journals for the purpose of this assignment. I have chosen this topic of personality and individual difference as this topic is very relevant for today. Every person is different from each other regarding his mind and persona ability. However, today with the growing phase of international business everyone is seeking towards a more enhanced multicultural workforce. Therefore, this concept can help while understanding the aspect of managing the behavior of many people within an organization. Personality and individual differences: As discussed by Wood et al. (2012), organizational behavior is considered as the field of study that incorporates human skills of the organization. Organizational behavior includes the study of individual, organizations and groups to improve the level of performance. A manager should always focus on the aspect of effective organizational behavior. An experienced manager should concentrate on the fundamental aspect of human behavior to operate the successful organization. Personality and individual difference is crucial as well as a significant aspect of organizational behavior. Personality refers to the unique stable pattern of human behavior, emotions, and thoughts or feeling. Every individual has its different style of identification. Everyone has its personal brand. As stated by Jiang et al. (2012), the aspect of job satisfaction always depends on personality traits of a human being. Some people can be satisfied with the current nature of a job. There are also some people who can never be pleased with the job in any circumstances. On the other hand, Goetsch and Davis (2014) argued that there are some important fundamentals of personality and organization. Attraction selection attrition cycle describes that the interaction personality organization is very particular. Organization eventually can become homogenous for the purpose of management. Personality can be less dominant within tight situations in rule-based or structured society. On the other hand, in a loosely structured organization, a character can be more dominant in the weak position. There are bases of personality for a human being. Genetic and social components are the essential elements of a character of every human being. An individual is different from each other by his/her character or ability. Every human being is different due to the genetic or social circumstances also. In the perspective of effective organizational behavior, the ability is also an important attribute for a person. Ability is considered as the capacity of carrying the set of mental sequences or behavioral sequences to produce a useful result. There are different types of knowledge; those are emotional, cognitive, psychomotor and perceptual. An effective manager should recognize or consider the individual differences to promote particular culture or behavior within the organization (Miner 2015). Theories: Personality and individual difference is the branch of psychology. Every person is different from each other due to some psychological factors. Personality can be described as dynamic and organized set of characteristics of a person. The personality of an individual can influence the environment, emotion, motivation, behavior and cognition within different situations. Type theory or the Personality Type Theory is very relevant to judge the individual difference and character of a person (Arthaud-Day et al. 2012). Psychological Type theory refers to the psychological classification of different kinds of people. One can distinguish personality types of a person through various traits of character. According to the Type theory, there are two kinds of people in the society. One is introvert, and other is extrovert. The Trait theory refers to the aspect where extraversion and introversion can be considered as the part of a continuous dimension of many people. Personality typology states that the behavior of every person is related to the term of opposite and individual characteristics. In the aspect of personality type theory, Meyer Friedman and his co-workers invented the Type A and Type B personality theory (Robbins et al. 2013). They considered the Type A and Type B as two patterns of individual differences and personality. Type A personality always remains hard-working and takes high risks. On the other hand, Type B people remain relaxed, less competitive as well as lower risk. This theory also states that there are always many people who are the mixture of A and B types of personality. In this respect, MyersBriggs Type Indicator is also a relevant model for knowing the difference in the character of a person. This model demonstrates knowledge of different factors of personality that can be useful to learn the types of a character of an individual. This model is being used to test personality type of an individual. Models: The Five Factor model is a very relevant example in the aspect of personality and organizational behavior. The purposeful behavior of work integrates higher order implicit goal with different principles of Five Factor Model of personality. This model also helps to expand the job characteristics model to explain the effect of personality traits on the outcome of work. Five- Factors Model is considered as a psychological model of personality. Various psychologists have categorized different systems for the differentiating personality of every individual. These five factors help to classify unique personality of an individual. These five factors personality traits are related to the emergence of leadership within the organization (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). In the aspect of organizational behavior, big five personality traits are considered as compelling elements. Five-Factor model of personality can be viewed as personality traits of hierarchical organization. Personality traits are included with five dimensions. The five dimensions are Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience and Neuroticism. These factors are involved in the aspect of the effective behavior of an organization. Every human being has these five traits of personality. Therefore, every company should consider these factors while creating environment and culture for the organization. Openness: This personality trait shows originality and individuality in every situation. They seek to provide the creativity. They also take keen interest to try new things. They can also emerge as an effective leader in a position of leadership. Conscientiousness: According to Wright et al. (2012), this personality trait is also related to the aspect of leadership within an organization. Conscientiousness people stay organized within different situations of leadership. Conscientiousness seeks to take initiative and responsibility within the group. These types of people also emerge as leaders. They are very effective in the role of leaders. Extraversion: It can be stated that extroverts are energetic as well as assertive and socially active. Extraverts enjoy interacting with other people within the social environment. Extroverts also demonstrate self-confidence in different situations. Extraversion can be related to the aspect of leadership. The employee always accepts an extravert leader. Extroverts are both sociable and dominant within the business environment. Extraverts can emerge as an effective leader in the wide variety of situations (Cerasoli et al. 2014). Agreeableness: It is a positive trait when consensus is critical. This character is active when shared decision is rewarded. On the other hand, Michel et al. (2013) stated that Agreeableness can become the obstruction when the critical success factor of the particular organization is competition. However, an effective manager should be able to use extraversion and agreeableness both to make the cohesive team in the group. The leader can make strong relationship within the team of the organization. Neuroticism: It refers to the extent of the emotional ability of a human being. It refers to the leader who is anxious, moody and temperamental (Bell 2013). From many types of research, it can be stated that extraversion and conscientiousness are two useful personality traits those can be related to leadership. Extravert personality can provide better guidance to the members of a team. Relationship of personality and individual differences with organizational behavior: As stated by Mitchell et al. (2012), every person is different from each other using his/her personality. Human behavior is a very complex phenomenon. Therefore, it is a challenge to every organization to match every task with the subordinate employee to the manager of the group. Every human being is the practical as well as the valuable resource for each cluster. Every manager should consider the internal as well as external stimuli of the unconscious mind of every human being (Parker 2014). Every company should examine the theories of organizational behavior while managing the group of employee within a particular organization. There are relevant theories of organizational behavior. Taylor has proposed the theory of scientific management that discusses the development of rational methods to increase the productivity. According to the great management thinker Henry Fayol, there should be certain principles of management while operating an organization. His view is related to the aspect of administrative management (Shafritz et al. 2015). In the current section of control, McGregor has explained modern theories of behavior. McGregor has developed the assumption of theory X and theory Y (Kopelman et al. 2008). Employee motivation: Employee motivation is considered as the level of energy, creativity and commitment of an employee while completing his/her work. Employee motivation is also considered as the standard of productivity of every employee. With the changing phase of an economy, every business industry has engaged in competition. However, maintaining the motivation among the employees is always remained a concern of management of an organization. Every employee should get the motivation to continue his/her job in an organization. However, management should always consider the demand or requirement of employees of an organization (Locke and Latham 2013). On the other hand, Mischel (2013) stated that employee motivation is the aspect of encouragement. There are different factors those affect the motivation of employees within the organization. Motivation is considered as the internal drive of an employee. The motivation of an individual is influenced by intellectual, social, emotional and biological factors. Management should provide many activities those will motivate the employees within the organization. As discussed by Costa and McCrae (2013), there are some effective factors those can motivate workers who are present within the organization. Many employees find these below mentioned factors as motivating aspect of business. The action as well as decision of leadership and management can empower the workers Regular and clarified communication with different employees can also motivate the highest number of workers in the organization Management should put respect and dignity to the employee Managers should provide regular recognition to every workers Reward, benefits and compensation must be provided from the HR department of an organization Managers should provide enthusiasm to the workers which enable them to give best productivity to the organization () Impact of personality and individual differences on employee motivation: Motivation can depend on the aspect of individual differences of every person. As discussed by Cooper (2015), motivation is the link between knowing and doing the work. The level of motivation depends on the personality of a person. Motivation is the vital link between thinking and action as well as performance and competence. It is the duty of an employer to motivate the employees while producing active service of the company. The essential aspect of motivation is involved within intensity, direction as well as the duration of behavior. However, the mind and psychology of every individual are different from each other. Therefore, there is a situational constraint for every person. However, the individual difference has played a useful role in achieving the extraordinary level of motivation. The individual difference also plays a useful role to avail different types of job in the market (Verhulst et al. 2012). On the other hand, Verhulst et al. (2012) stated that maintaining the high level of motivation among the employees is considered as the duty of an employer or manager. A manager or a company also holds the different view of work. There are different types of managers who see employees as the valuable resource of the enterprise. Therefore, they always seek to provide various factors of motivation for the employees. On the other hand, many managers think that profit is the only thing that should be always maintained by a business organization. As stated by Muscanell and Guadagno (2012), it has been found in history that sometime manager and a leader does not hesitate to terminate employees for achieving more profit in turmoil situation of the business. Personal behavior, as well as individual difference, plays a significant role in motivating the employees of an organization. Management of an organization is involved with four respective functions; those are the attainment of a goal, decision making, group maintenance, and integration. The effectiveness of leadership can be measured by the aspect of motivating the behavior of every worker of the organization. A leader can avail constitutional process, involved process as well as identification of goal while motivating the employees of the organization. Individual difference helps to gain different types of self-concept for each person (Hirsh et al. 2012). Motivation theories: There are various theories of Human Resource Management those explains the factors and related things of motivation among the employees of an organization. Maslows hierarchy of needs, Herzbergs two-factor theory, Lockes Goal theory and Vrooms Expectancy theories are the valid theories of motivation (Trull et al. 2014). Herzbergs Two-factor theory: In the context of personality and individual differences, the theory of Herzberg is the most significant as well as a relevant theory of motivation. Fredrick Herzberg has developed Two-factor theory of motivation that is based on satisfaction and dissatisfaction of every individual while doing the job in the organization. The aspect of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction depends on different persons. These can be helpful in determining the individual traits of job satisfaction. The aspect of job dissatisfaction is influenced by various hygiene factors of an organization. The condition of work, relation with the co worker, rules and policies, quality of supervisor, base wage and salary are the factors of job dissatisfaction. On the other hand, there are other factors those affect the aspect of job satisfaction among the employees of the organization. Achievement, responsibility, recognition, work, advancement and personal growth are related to the aspect of job satisfaction among the workers of a business organization (Cooper 2015). According to the Two factor theory, some possible combinations can become the ideal situations for every employee. High hygiene and high motivation can become the ideal situation where employees should be highly motivated. In this context, employees have few complaints. On the other hand, the combination of high hygiene and low motivation refers to the situation where every employee has few complaints. In this context, employees are not highly motivated by the management of the organization (Robbins et al. 2013). On the other hand, in the combination of low hygiene and high motivation, employees can be motivated by the management. In this context, the workers have many complains also. This context refers to the aspect where the job is challenging but the work condition and salaries or mental hygiene are not suitable for working in the organization. The context of low hygiene and low motivation refer to the worst situation of management. In this situation, employees have many complains and they are not been motivated by the management. In this context, employees cannot work effectively. This situation is harmful for the total productivity as well as quality of an organization (Antonakis et al. 2012). However, in this aspect, personality and individual differences matter for the overall management approach of an organization. A person who likes to work in low motivational place can work in many situations. The aspect of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are also related to the personality as well as ability and differences of every individual person. Management cannot provide the level of satisfaction for some people due to individual differences of those people. However, the factor of job satisfaction is solely related to the different personality of individual person (Verhulst et al. 2012). McGregors Theory X and Theory Y: Theory X and theory Y is considered as one of the important theories of human motivation and management. The factors of this theory are associated with the differences of personality and ability of different human beings. This theory has discussed two contrasting models of motivation and management. Theory X stresses on the importance of external penalties and rewards as well as supervision or control of the management. On the other hand, Theory Y helps to highlight the motivating role of job satisfaction that allows the workers to approach the task more effectively and creatively. As discussed by Jonassen and Grabowski (2012), theory X is considered as the authoritarian management style. Theory X considers that average person dislike work. Average person seeks to avoid his/her work as much as he/she can. This tendency of people is related to the aspect of individual differences and personality. In this context, it can be stated that average person is being forced to provide productive work. According to the average personality of human being, an employee must be forced with the threat of punishment in the organization. They tend to work according to the objective of the organization. On the other hand, Ackerman (2014) stated that personality of average people is willing to be directed under the guidance of manager or supervisor. Average people want to be directed by the management. They seek to avoid prior responsibility while working in any organization. They want proper security while working in an organization. On the other hand, Nisbett et al. (2012) argued that theory Y can be considered as participative management style. People often seek to apply self direction and self control without any external control of punishment or threat. A worker who is committed towards the objective of the organization can achieve rewards for his job. However, this theory has provided effective information and discussion regarding the psychological factor of doing job. X and Y theory of motivation provides assumptions regarding the potential of man. This theory also discusses the factors those should be recognized by every business organization. Conclusion: From the above study, it can be concluded that individual difference and personality can influence the behavior of a person. A person can be motivated through many factors of an organization. Every people need motivation to continue his/her work within an organization. Everyone is different from each other therefore; the level of motivation depends on the personality of a person. However, an employer should also consider the individual differences while providing factors of motivation. Every experienced manager should understand personality and behavior of every human being of the organization. Every manager should also know the fundamental aspect of human cognition. A manager should always use existing resources of employees for completing the aspect. References Shafritz, J., Ott, J. and Jang, Y., 2015. Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Kopelman, R.E., Prottas, D.J. and Davis, A.L. 2008, "Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Y: Toward a Construct-valid Measure", Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 255-271. Ackerman, P.L., 2014. Nonsense, common sense, and science of expert performance: Talent and individual differences. Intelligence, 45, pp.6-17. Antonakis, J., Day, D.V. and Schyns, B., 2012. Leadership and individual differences: At the cusp of a renaissance. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(4), pp.643-650. Arthaud-Day, M.L., Rode, J.C. and Turnley, W.H., 2012. Direct and contextual effects of individual values on organizational citizenship behavior in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), p.792. Bell, N., 2013. Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance. Public Administration Review, 73(1), pp.143-153. Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), p.980. Cooper, C., 2015. Individual differences and personality. Routledge. Cooper, C., 2015. Individual differences and personality. Routledge. Costa Jr, P.T. and McCrae, R.R., 2013. The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Personality and Personality Disorders: The Science of Mental Health, 7, p.17. Drnyei, Z. and Ushioda, E., 2013. Teaching and researching: Motivation. Routledge. Gagn, M., Forest, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Crevier-Braud, L., Van den Broeck, A., Aspeli, A.K., Bellerose, J., Benabou, C., Chemolli, E., Gntert, S.T. and Halvari, H., 2015. The Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale: Validation evidence in seven languages and nine countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(2), pp.178-196. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Hirsh, J.B., Kang, S.K. and Bodenhausen, G.V., 2012. Personalized persuasion tailoring persuasive appeals to recipients personality traits. Psychological science, 23(6), pp.578-581. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of management Journal, 55(6), pp.1264-1294. Jonassen, D.H. and Grabowski, B.L., 2012. Handbook of individual differences, learning, and instruction. Routledge. Knutson, B., Wolkowitz, O.M., Cole, S.W., Chan, T., Moore, E.A., Johnson, R.C., Terpstra, J., Turner, R.A. and Reus, V.I., 2014. Selective alteration of personality and social behavior by serotonergic intervention. American Journal of Psychiatry. Locke, E.A. and Latham, G.P. eds., 2013. New developments in goal setting and task performance. Routledge. Ma, W.W. and Chan, A., 2014. Knowledge sharing and social media: Altruism, perceived online attachment motivation, and perceived online relationship commitment. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, pp.51-58. Michel, J.W., Kavanagh, M.J. and Tracey, J.B., 2013. Got support? The impact of supportive work practices on the perceptions, motivation, and behavior of customer-contact employees. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(2), pp.161-173. Milfont, T.L. and Sibley, C.G., 2012. The big five personality traits and environmental engagement: Associations at the individual and societal level. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(2), pp.187-195. Miner, J.B., 2015. Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Mischel, W., 2013. Personality and assessment. Psychology Press. Mitchell, J.I., Gagn, M., Beaudry, A. and Dyer, L., 2012. The role of perceived organizational support, distributive justice and motivation in reactions to new information technology. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), pp.729-738. Muscanell, N.L. and Guadagno, R.E., 2012. Make new friends or keep the old: Gender and personality differences in social networking use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), pp.107-112. Rodgers, G. (2015). WHATS YOUR MYERS-BRIGGS PERSONALITY TYPE?. [online] Dying Words. Available at: https://dyingwords.net/whats-your-myers-briggs-personality-type/#sthash.gyeyjLfg.dpbs [Accessed 18 Jan. 2016]. Nisbett, R.E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D.F. and Turkheimer, E., 2012. Intelligence: new findings and theoretical developments. American psychologist, 67(2), p.130. Parker, S.K., 2014. Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more. Annual review of psychology, 65, pp.661-691. Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Robbins, S., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. and Boyle, M., 2013. Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Trull, T.J., Widiger, T.A., Lynam, D.R. and Costa Jr, P.T., 2014. Borderline personality disorder from the perspective of general personality functioning. FOCUS. Verhulst, B., Eaves, L.J. and Hatemi, P.K., 2012. Correlation not causation: The relationship between personality traits and political ideologies. American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), pp.34-51. Verhulst, B., Eaves, L.J. and Hatemi, P.K., 2012. Correlation not causation: The relationship between personality traits and political ideologies. American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), pp.34-51. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014. Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. Weiner, B., 2012. An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. Springer Science Business Media. Wood, S., Van Veldhoven, M., Croon, M. and De Menezes, L.M., 2012. Enriched job design, high involvement management and organizational performance: The mediating roles of job satisfaction and well-being. Human relations, 65(4), pp.419-445 Wright, B.E., Moynihan, D.P. and Pandey, S.K., 2012. Pulling the levers: Transformational leadership, public service motivation, and mission valence. Public Administration Review, 72(2), pp.206-215. Robbins, S., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. and Boyle, M., 2013. Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU.

Sample Gre Argument Essay Prompts

Sample Gre Argument Essay PromptsSample Gre Argument Essay Prompts is a great way to get your ideas written down quickly. You can use these to get the ball rolling.Having an argument is what everyone does. Writing your own, however, can be intimidating is very hard.Writing an argument is only a simple process, but it can seem very complicated when you write it yourself. It's easier to use sample prompts to get your ideas flowing.You can find many academic institutions that are able to provide these prompts for free. By submitting an essay with a suggestion, they can give you a sample of an argument that will be helpful in the interview process. A prompt will help you get the ball rolling and get you on your way to writing an essay.When you have an argument, you want to write an opinion-based essay. By using this type of essay, you will be making your decision based on what the author has said. You don't want to base your opinion of the author off of how he/she says something, so you want to make sure the article isn't biased.When you start a topic, you want to start writing out a broad idea. This idea will become the basis of the article. As you put your essay together, you will add details to your topic as needed. Using sample prompts can help you write out a huge article without looking like a sloppy writer.You can write all kinds of research papers from research into the history of business, to medical research papers. One article in a topic will be well researched and organized with the correct argument to support it. If you are looking for something in particular, using a sample should help you with that idea.

The Hurricane Essay Example For Students

The Hurricane Essay Lyrical Analysis Presentation On July 17, 1966, in Paterson, NJ, Rubin Hurricane Carter was contending for the heavyweight boxing title, when, one night, he was pulled over and suspected of a murder. There was no evidence or witnesses to prove The Hurricane Essay guilty, but the cops needed somebody to blame; so they fixed the trial, and Rubin received the short end of the stick. He was put away for life for a crime he didnt commit. This is a true story. The song was written by Bob Dylan to bring Rubins situation to the public. We will write a custom essay on The Hurricane specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Rubin Carter was a black man; so many people, including judges and cops, just turned their head. The Hurricanes verdict was changed after nineteen years in prison. He is now trying to live the life that was taken from him. Dylans song, The Hurricane explains how Rubin Carter was proven innocent, but found guilty. Shots were fired, and a triple murder was committed. Two people were at the scene, Patty Valentine and a man, but there were no witnesses. The man next to the bodies said, I was only robbin the register, I hope you understand. Somehow this burglar is not suspected of the murder. The number one contender for the heavyweight title is not even near the shootings. It says Meanwhile, far away in another part of town, Rubin and a couple of friends are drivn around. But he was pulled over anyway just like the before and the time before that. In Paterson, thats just the way things go. If youre black you might as well not show up on the street less you wanna draw the heat. People were very racist back then, and therefore a black man was always suspected before a white man. The police are at the scene gathering information. The burglar and his partner said they saw two middleweights running, and Patty Valentine agreed with them. A cop sees that the bartenders not dead, and though this man could hardly see they told him he could identify the guilty man. The cops have to find a person to blame, and even though it doesnt say it in the song, Rubin has had trouble with the Chief of Police when he was younger. Rubin is hauled to the hospital, so that the bartender could identify him. The wounded man looks up through his one dyin eye, says, whad you bring him in here for? He aint the guy! Rubin should no longer be involved in this murder. He was cleared by the only witness, and he had no reason to kill anyone. Four months later Rubin is in South America, and the burglar and his friend are in trouble. The cops are looking for someone to blame. Remember that murder that happened in a bar? Remember you said you saw the getaway car? You think youd like to play ball with the law? Think it might-a been that fighter that you saw runnin that night? Dont forget that you are white. This is a big part of the song. If the cops dont force these men to lie, Rubin would have never even gone to court. The cops keep harassing the burglars. Now you dont wanta have to go back to jail, be a nice fellow. They are afraid that Rubin will get away from a conviction. That sonofabitch is brave and getting braver. We want to put his ass in stir. We want to pin this triple murder on him. The chief thinks the Hurricane is a trouble maker, and he is determined to put Rubin away for this crime. Rubin was a great boxer, but he wanted to get somewhere with his life. Where the trout streams flow and the air is nice, and ride a horse along a trail. This was his dream and his dream was taken from him during this time. .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 , .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .postImageUrl , .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 , .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414:hover , .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414:visited , .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414:active { border:0!important; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414:active , .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414 .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc9c506f644278cab8dd545bca3d90414:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: September 11th immigration Essay Rubins verdict was set. The trial was a pig-circus, he never had a chance. No one doubted that he pulled the trigger The D.A. said he was the one who did the deed, and the all-white jury agreed. Besides the fact that there was no evidence, it was hard for Rubin to defend himself because everyone was against him. The Hurricane .

How Biobutanol Can Be Used as a Motor Fuel

How Biobutanol Can Be Used as a Motor Fuel Biobutanol is four-carbon alcohol derived from the fermentation of biomass. When it is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks, its commonly called butanol. Biobutanol is in the same family as other commonly known alcohols, namely single-carbon methanol, and the more-well-known two-carbon alcohol ethanol. The importance of the number of carbon atoms in any given molecule of alcohol is directly related to the energy content of that particular molecule. The more carbon atoms present, especially in a long carbon-to-carbon bond chains, the denser in energy the alcohol is. Breakthroughs in biobutanol processing methods, namely the discovery and development of genetically modified microorganisms, has set the stage for biobutanol to surpass ethanol as a renewable fuel. Once considered usable only as an industrial solvent and chemical feedstock, biobutanol shows great promise as a motor fuel due to its favorable energy density, and it returns better fuel economy and is considered a superior motor fuel (when compared to ethanol). Biobutanol Production Biobutanol is derived mainly from the fermentation of the sugars in organic feedstocks (biomass). Historically, up until about the mid-50s, biobutanol was fermented from simple sugars in a process that produced acetone and ethanol, in addition to the butanol component. The process is known as ABE (Acetone Butanol Ethanol) and has used unsophisticated (and not particularly hearty) microbes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum. The problem with this type of microbe is that it is poisoned by the very butanol it produces once the alcohol concentration rises above approximately 2 percent. This processing problem caused by the inherent weakness of generic-grade microbes, plus inexpensive and abundant (at the time) petroleum gave way to the simpler and cheaper distillation-from-petroleum method of refining butanol. My, how times change. In recent years, with petroleum prices heading steadily upwards, and worldwide supplies getting tighter and tighter, scientists have revisited the fermentation of sugars for the manufacturing of biobutanol. Great strides have been made by researchers in creating â€Å"designer microbes† that can tolerate higher concentrations of butanol without being killed off. The ability to withstand harsh high concentration alcohol environments, plus the superior metabolism of these genetically enhanced bacteria has fortified them with the endurance necessary to degrade the tough cellulosic fibers of biomass feedstocks such as pulpy woods and switchgrass. The door has been kicked open and the reality of cost competitive, if not cheaper, renewable alcohol motor fuel is upon us. Advantages So, all of this fancy chemistry and intense research notwithstanding, biobutanol has many advantages over here-to-fore easier-to-produce ethanol. Biobutanol has a higher energy content than ethanol, so there is a much lower loss of fuel economy. With an energy content of about 105,000 BTUs/gallon (versus ethanol’s approximate 84,000 BTUs/gallon), biobutanol is much closer to the energy content of gasoline (114,000 BTUs/gallon).Biobutanol can be easily blended with conventional gasoline at higher concentrations than ethanol for use in unmodified engines. Experiments have shown that biobutanol can run in an unmodified conventional engine at 100 percent, but to date, no manufacturers will warrant use of blends higher than 15 percent.Because it is less susceptible to separation in the presence of water (than ethanol), it can be distributed via conventional infrastructure (pipelines, blending facilities and storage tanks). There’s no need for a separate distribution network.It is less corrosive than ethanol. Not only is biobutanol a higher-grade more energy dense fuel, but it is also less explosive than ethanol.EPA te st results show that biobutanol reduces emissions, namely hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Exact values depend upon the engine state of tune. But that’s not all. Biobutanol as a motor fuel- with its long chain structure and preponderance of hydrogen atoms- could be used as a stepping-stone in bringing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to the mainstream. One of the biggest challenges facing hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development is the storage of onboard hydrogen for sustainable range and the lack of hydrogen infrastructure for fueling. The high hydrogen content of butanol would make it an ideal fuel for onboard reforming. Instead of burning the butanol, a reformer would extract the hydrogen to power the fuel cell. Disadvantages It is not common for one fuel type to have so many obvious advantages without at least one glowing disadvantage; however, with biobutanol versus ethanol argument, that doesn’t appear to be the case. Currently, the only real disadvantage is there are many more ethanol refining facilities than biobutanol refineries. And while ethanol refining facilities far outnumber those for biobutanol, the possibility of retrofitting ethanol plants to biobutanol is feasible. And as refinements continue with genetically modified microorganisms, the feasibility of converting plants becomes greater and greater. It’s clear that biobutanol is the superior choice over ethanol as a gasoline additive and perhaps eventual gasoline replacement. For the past 30 years or so ethanol has had most of the technological and political support and has seeded the market for renewable alcohol motor fuel. Biobutanol is now poised to pick up the mantle.