Strategic Legal and Social Issues

The Board of Directors of a corporation are vested with the authority to exercise corporate powers, conduct all business and control and hold all properties of the corporation. The supreme authority insofar as the management of the business regular and ordinary affairs of the corporation is vested with the Board of Directors. With great power however comes great responsibility. Directors act as fiduciaries to the corporation, and once elected they must serve the best interests of the corporation and the shareholders. This fiduciary duty arises out of the board’s fiduciary relationship with the corporation and shareholders. (Saboor H. Abduljaami p2) The following are the three-fold duties of a director: duty of obedience; duty of diligence and duty of loyalty. Duty of Obedience The duty of obedience mandates that every director of the corporation must do and perform only those acts designed to achieve its mission. The mission and goals of the corporation are indicated in the articles of incorporation. Thus, the director must constantly check whether his action is within the scope of his authority and in pursuance of the goals of the company as indicated in its articles of incorporation. (â€Å"Role Playing: When do Board Members Step Over the Line†p2) Further, obedience does not only mean compliance with the rules of the corporation but it also means informing the corporation of any act done in violation of the rules of the corporation. This means that every director is mandated to refrain from violating the internal rules of the corporation. As directors they are also required to inform the corporation of any wrongdoing committed by one director that seriously prejudices the interest of the corporation. Thus, a director who willfully and knowingly votes or assents to patently unlawful acts of another director renders him jointly and severally liable for any damage resulting to the corporation. Duty of Diligence The rule is that every director of the corporation is required to manage the corporate affairs and perform his functions with reasonable care and prudence. As an officer of the corporation, the responsibility of the director towards the corporation is not limited to willful breach of trust or excess of power but extends to negligence. This means that even if there was no unlawful intent or evil motive in performing a corporate act, he can still be held liable if it can be established that he acted negligently. This liability of a director for his negligent acts rests upon common law rule which renders the agent liable who violates his authority or neglects his duty to the damage of the principal. It must be stressed however that the degree of diligence required of a director is relative. The standard of diligence is that which an ordinary prudent director could reasonable be expected to exercise in a like position under similar circumstances. The directors are also bound to observe the limits placed upon their powers in accordance with the Articles of Incorporation or charter, and if they transcend such limit and cause such damage, they incur liability. (Ruben Ladia, p. 164) Thus, if a director willfully performs an act which he knows or ought to know to be unauthorized and beyond the scope of his authority, he is clearly liable for any injury. It is however essential to state that though directors are liable for their negligence which has caused serious prejudice to the corporation, they are not liable for losses due to the imprudence or honest error of judgment. This is the concept of business judgment rule which is a defense on the part of the director to escape any liability for his actions. In principle, this states that questions of policy and management are left solely to the honest decision of the board of directors and the courts are without authority to substitute its judgment as against the director. It is said that â€Å"business judgment rule is purely a case law derived concept whereby a court will not review the management decisions of a corporation’s board of directors absent some sort of showing that the board of directors violated their duty of care or loyalty. † (Jon Canfield 1) It must be stressed that directors are not insurers of the property of the corporation or guarantors of the success of the corporation. So long as the director exercised reasonable diligence in the performance of its function the courts will not interfere and render it liable for negligence. Duty of Loyalty It is a general knowledge that there exists a fiduciary relationship between the directors of the corporation and the corporation and its stockholders. As fiduciaries, they are expected to act with utmost candor and fair dealing for the interest of the corporation and without taint of selfish motives. Thus, the directors are not only required to act with reasonable diligence in managing the affairs of the corporation, they are also expected to act with utmost good faith. Thus, the directors of the corporation are expected to first serve the interest of the corporation and their interest later. They are enjoined not to manipulate the affairs of the corporation to the detriment and disregard of the standards of morality and decency. As corporate insiders, the director cannot utilize any inside information they have acquired for their own benefit. He cannot violate the requirements of fair play by doing indirectly what he cannot do directly. Further as directors of the corporation they are not allowed to obtain any personal profit, commissions, bonus or gain for their official actions. Lastly, a director is prohibited from seizing any business opportunity or developing it at the expense and with the facilities of the corporation. Thus, the duty of loyalty requires a fiduciary to act in the best interests of the corporation and in good faith. (Jiangyu Zhu 2) Thus, as corporate officers an undivided loyalty is expected of every director. This fiduciary relationship between the director and the corporation imposes a strict duty to act in accordance with the highest standard which a man of the finest honor and reputation might impose upon himself. It must be stressed that the duty to act with utmost good faith is imposed upon all the directors. The law imposes upon the director liability for violating this duty of loyalty regardless whether the director actually received profit from his undisclosed transaction. This was affirmed in the case of Item Software v. Fassihi. Case of Item Software v. Fassihi. Facts: Item Software entered into transaction with another company. Item Software has a managing director and a marketing director. It specifically provided in its contract with the marketing director that it cannot take advantage of any confidential information it has learned while employed with Item Software. It appears that while Item Software and the other company were engaged in negotiations, its marketing director had been visiting the other company informing it of his intention to form a new company and his intent to transact directly with the other company. The contract between the two companies did not materialize. Item Software later found out about the actuations of its marketing director. He was eventually summarily dismissed from employment and sued by his own company. Issue: whether the respondent should be held liable by the corporation for its act of disloyalty even if it did not profit from its misconduct. Held: It is immaterial whether the director profited from his misconduct. The sole factor to be determined here is that the director committed a breach of its duty when it failed to disclose its transactions with the other company. The duties of a director imposed by law are generally higher than those imposed on an employee because he is more than simply a general manager of the company, he is a fiduciary who, with his fellow directors, is responsible for the success of the company’s business. Section 317 of the Companies Act of 1985 states that: â€Å"it is the duty of the director of a company, who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with the company to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of the directors of the company. † (Section 317 Companies Act of 1985) Thus, the marketing director was in breach of his duties both as an employee and as a director and the Item Software was entitled to recover from him damages for breach of that duty suffered as a result of the termination of the contract.   

Early Childhood Education Essay

He taonga te reo: Honouring te reo me ona tikanga1, the Maori language and culture, within early childhood education in Aotearoa2. Dr Jenny Ritchie, Associate Professor, Early Childhood Teacher Education, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand Abstract This paper considers data from recent research which illustrates the ways in which tamariki (children), whanau (families) and educators are integrating the use of the Maori language within their everyday educational interactions, as mandated by the bilingual New Zealand early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki (Ministry of Education, 1996). Languages reflect cultures, expressing our deeper meanings and representations. Inscribed within verbal and non-verbal languages are our ways of being, knowing and doing (Martin, 2008). Jeanette Rhedding-Jones has inquired in her Norwegian multicultural context as to â€Å"What kinds of constructions are the monocultural professionals creating for cross-cultural meetings and mergings? † (2001, p. 5). What follows is an exploration of strategies by which Maori ways of being, knowing and doing are being enacted through the medium of te reo in early childhood centres. Introduction Te Whariki (Ministry of Education, 1996), the first bicultural education curriculum in Aotearoa, reaffirmed a commitment already widely acknowledged across the early childhood education sector in this country, to Te Tiriti o Waitangi3, and the validation and inclusion of te reo me ona tikanga4 as an integrated component of early childhood education programmes. Te Whariki contains strong clear statements of expectations for educators in terms of enacting te reo Maori within their teaching: New Zealand is the home of Maori language and culture: curriculum in early childhood settings should promote te reo and nga tikanga Maori, making them visible and affirming their value for children from all cultural backgrounds. Adults working with children should demonstrate an understanding of the different iwi and the meaning of whanau and whanaungatanga5 (Ministry of Education, 1996, p. 42) The juxtaposition of the promotion of te reo and tikanga alongside whanau and whanaungatanga is insightful. Previous research had identified that as early childhood 1 2 Te reo is the Maori language, tikanga are Maori beliefs, values and cultural practices. Aotearoa is a Maori name for New Zealand. 3 Te Tiriti o Waitangi/The Treaty of Waitangi, signed in 1840 between Maori chiefs and the British Crown, promised protections to Maori of their lands and taonga – everything of value to Maori , which includes their languages, beliefs, values and traditions. 4 Te reo is the Maori language and tikanga are Maori cultural practices. This phrase, literally, â€Å"the language and its cultural practices† demonstrates how intrinsically the language and culture are linked. 5 Iwi are tribes, whanau are families, and whanaungatanga is the building of relationships. 2 educators generate an environment reflective and inclusive of Maori values such as whanaungatanga, Maori families are more comfortable and become more involved within that early childhood setting (Ritchie, 2002). Te reo Maori has been severely jeopardised by the processes of colonisation. As Mere Skerrett has written: Maori ways of speaking were also colonised through the subjugation of te reo Maori, to be replaced by English. This, at times violent, process of colonisation caused a disruption in the intergenerational transmission of Maori language, Maori knowledge and, as a consequence, disrupted Maori lives and Maori societies. (2007, p. 7) Whanau Maori have consistently stated their preference that their children learn their language and culture within education contexts (AGB/McNair, 1992; M.Durie, 2001; Else, 1997; Te Puni Kokiri/Ministry of Maori Development, 1998) in affirmation of their identity as Maori, since â€Å"Te reo Maori serves as the medium through which symbolic and cultural components are properly united and Maoriness most appropriately expressed† (A. Durie, 1997, p. 152). Young children learn languages comparatively easily. Early childhood centres are a logical site for young children to have opportunities to learn te reo Maori, in naturalistic experiential ways, consistent with both early childhood and second language learning pedagogies (Cummins, 2001; Ritchie, 1994). This will only occur if we are able to provide them with a linguistically rich environment and authentic language models. It is reasonable that Maori parents might expect that their children will not acquire poor pronunciation of their own language from their educational experiences. Previous Research In 1999 as part of my doctoral research (Ritchie, 2002), I observed 13 different early childhood settings in the Waikato area (Ritchie, 1999). I noted that in most of the settings there was at least one staff member who attempted to use some Maori language. This was a stronger use of te reo than Pam Cubey observed in eight Wellington early childhood centres in 1992, when she reported that virtually no Maori language was heard (Cubey, 1992). During my observations, the most frequent usage of te reo Maori were ‘commands’, such as: â€Å"Haere mai ki te kai; E tu tamariki; E noho; Haere mai ki te whariki; Horoi o ringaringa†6. There were also instances of counting and naming colours in te reo Maori. Several staff repeatedly inserted single Maori nouns within some of their regular English sentences, for example, â€Å"Do you want some fruit? Some panana 6. Haere mai ki te kai – come and eat E tu tamariki – stand up children E noho- sit down Haere mai ki te whariki – come to the mat Horoi o ringaringa – wash your hands panana – banana aporo- apple taringa – ear(s) waha – mouth 3 or some aporo? Turn on your taringa, zip up your waha†. During my visits, eight of the 13 centres sang at least one song in te reo Maori, usually at structured mat-times, which were compulsory for all children. These teachers identified confidence and competence as barriers, because, as one teacher explained, â€Å"you feel like a real twit when it comes out wrong†. I was concerned that the available te reo Maori resources appeared to be under-utilised and that the range of language use was restricted to simple commands, the use of colour names and counting in Maori. This indicated reliance on a limited range of vocabulary, with little knowledge of Maori grammar. Teachers expressed their need for support and encouragement to broaden their ‘comfort zone’ beyond single words, to using complete and more complex phrases that represent linguistically authentic Maori structures. I suggested that teachers consider widening the range of formats in which they used Maori phrases. Recent data Whilst 6. 58% of registered early childhood teachers are Maori (Ministry of Education, 2007), only 1. 6% of New Zealanders of European ancestry speak Maori (Ministry of Social Development, 2007). Early childhood teachers’ use of te reo may seem encouraging in that 75% of Pakeha early childhood teachers said that they use some Maori whilst  teaching, yet 70% of these teachers reported themselves as speaking Maori â€Å"not very well† (Harkess, 2004, p. 12). In 2006 we reported on a two-year study7 with a range of participants, which included early childhood educators, an Iwi Education Initiative8, teacher educators, specialist educators and professional learning providers, co-exploring strategies for supporting the involvement of whanau Maori within early childhood settings other than Kohanga Reo9 (Ritchie & Rau, 2006). Using narrative (Connelly & Clandinin, 1990; Schulz, Schroeder, & Brody, 1997) and Kaupapa Maori (Bishop, 2005; Smith, 1999, 2005) research methodologies, we explored early childhood educators’ strategies for encouraging the participation of whanau Maori within early childhood education settings, and ways for implementing understandings of commitments derived from Te Tiriti o Waitangi as expressed in the bicultural early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki, through the delivery of Tiriti-based programmes10. Participants in this study were those who were strongly committed to implementing Tiriti-based practice. Pedagogical enactment described in this study was consistent with 7 This project was funded through the Teaching Learning Research Initiative, a fund provided by the New Zealand Ministry of Education, and administered by NZCER. 8 We gratefully acknowledge the support and contribution of Kokiri Tuwaretoa Education Initiative to the Whakawhanaungatanga study. 9 Kohanga Reo are Maori-medium educational settings where young children are immersed in the Maori language and culture in a whanau-based context. 10 The term Tiriti-based practice is derived from a commitment to Te Tiriti oWaitangi, the treaty signed in 1840 by Maori chiefs and the British Crown, that legitimated the presence of immigrants, initially from Britain, alongside the tangata whenua, Maori, the indigenous people of this land. 4 a view of Maori language and cultural practices as being holistically and simultaneously performed. This enactment includes daily welcoming and spiritual rituals in te reo, and is inclusive of waiata11. This climate generated a sense of welcoming and safety for Maori families, which resulted in their increasing involvement in centre reo and tikanga implementation. An educator demonstrated how this whanau participation was integral within their early childhood centre programming: â€Å"In partnership with whanau we  introduce new waiata each term, and tikanga experiences, such as, hangi, powhiri, harakeke, [and] legends of the whanau, hapu12, and iwi attending the service. † Other Maori co-researchers within the Whakawhanaungatanga research project also identified aspects of Te Ao Maori13 that they would like to see reflected within early childhood education and care settings. They considered it important that Maori parents and whanau sense a match between their values and those of educational settings. They valued a sense of whanaungatanga generated and enacted within the early childhood centre, whereby tamariki and whanau, kuia and kaumatua, and other whanau members such as â€Å"Aunties† (Martin, 2007) participated as a collective, learning and teaching alongside the teachers and children, educators sharing responsibility and demonstrating willingness to identify and support the needs of all members of that collective. In this vision, te reo Maori is modelled and integrated throughout the programme, with support for adults to increase their own facility with the language alongside their children, and there is ongoing everyday enactment of tikanga such as: rituals of welcoming and farewell; sharing of kai14; a value of inclusiveness; reference to Te Ao Wairua15 and nga Atua16, and annual celebrations such as Matariki. 17 Children, in this view are exposed to te reo as part of the daily enactment of Maori beliefs, values and practices. Co-researchers in this project demonstrated a commitment to integrating te reo and tikanga within their centre practice, in ways that were meaningful and contextual for children and families. Working with natural materials, such as harakeke (flax), provided a source of learning of traditional knowledge, involving the planting and care of the flax bushes, weaving of rourou18, children observing alongside adults, connected to the land and its spiritual significance, as Ana, a Playcentre kaiako, described: So even though we had those harakeke within our centre boundary, in our lawn, we knew that the pa harakeke19 of that harakeke that we had, came 11 12 Waiata are songs. Hangi are feasts cooked in earth ovens, powhiri are greeting ceremonies, harakeke is flax, and hapu are sub-tribes 13 Te Ao Maori is the Maori world. 14 Kai is food 15 Te Ao Wairua is the spiritual dimension. 16 Nga Atua are supernatural beings, or gods. 17 Matariki is the constellation whose arrival announces the Maori New Year. 18 Rourou are flax food baskets. 19 Pa harakeke are flax bushes, often planted as a source of flax for weaving and rongoa (medicinal remedies), and also refers metaphorically to the nurturing by the wider family of the offspring, the younger shoots. 5 from a bigger picture. And all the natural resources on our little wagon inside, in the area of where they go and make pictures and glue things and make structures out of the driftwood and put their shells and tie their shells on and harakeke, they might have been just in the rourou baskets, but we knew and the tamariki knew they come from this bigger picture out there in the whenua20, because they had gone to get them. So we brought our big world reality and our spiritual world reality into the bounds of that centre. Pania, a Maori kindergarten teacher, spoke of her bilingual approach as being like a whariki,21 †¦where you get two strands and you build them together to make your little kete22 or your whariki of learning. And [implementing a bilingual approach] is a way that I can facilitate my programme that is non-threatening. It’s an option for the child – and the parent – whether they would like to do it, but it’s also another teaching technique and a resource and a learning strategy. Daisy, a Pakeha kindergarten teacher, actively researched aspects of tikanga that she was interested in integrating into her teaching: I wrote a story and what I wanted to do was encompass the tikanga aspects on collecting kai moana23. I wanted it to be something Pakeha could grasp, something simple, that was really clear and conveying the tikanga aspects because it’s not just about going down to the beach and picking up a few pipis24, its deeper than that, there’s a lot of kaupapa25 behind it. How did I know about all the tikanga? —I’ve never gone out collecting kai moana in my life? Research, korero26 with others more knowledgeable. As far as getting it to children it needs to be simple and straight-forward. The pipi story is focused on Tangaroa,27 the protocols around that. The tamariki seem to enjoy it, but in order to deepen their understanding, and extend the story, I set up the pipi hunt in the sandpit. So the story was a visual and a listening experience, whereas the pipi hunt was a tactile experience, so that then I think I would have managed to tap into every child’s way of learning. Daisy also involved whanau Maori of her centre in her planning, although she took primary responsibility for researching the reo and tikanga that was to be incorporated. Incorporating te reo and tikanga was more effective when educators were committed both individually and collectively to proactively integrating this within planning, teaching 20 Whenua is land. Whariki are woven flax mats. 22 A kete is a woven flax basket. 23 Kai moana are seafoods. 24 Pipi are cockles. 25 Kaupapa is philosophy. 26 Korero is talking. 27 Tangaroa is the Atua, supernatural being, or God, of the sea. 21 6 interactions, programme evaluation, and centre review. Many of the Pakeha coresearchers have worked hard over the years to increase their competence in te reo, and continue to do so, by taking courses. At Ariel’s childcare centre, all the teachers had attended a reo course offered in their local community. Penny, a kindergarten head teacher who was also studying te reo, explained that as her own confidence grew, and supported by her co-teacher, the quality of te reo within the centre programme continued to strengthen, as â€Å"the reo is fed in gently and quietly†. Respondents from the Hei Ara Kokiri Tuwaretoa Education Initiative data articulated aspirations for early childhood education services that envisioned all children as being supported to become biculturally and bilingually competent. The following example recognises the important role of early childhood services in offering quality models of te reo Maori: To be fully bicultural and therefore bilingual all children in Aotearoa/NZ should have the opportunity to learn to be fluent in Maori and English and develop understanding of both cultures’ world view. We need proficient Maori speaking teachers in all ECE learning environments. It is not enough to use Maori language in directives – information – acknowledgment contexts. We need to work towards providing environments where children can use the target language, be completely immersed in te reo Maori. We need to promote environments where the conscientization of language is constructed as normal to prevent dialogue being used by teachers to act on children. Teachers and children need to be using dialogue to work with each other – co-constructing. In order to reflect this, we need to provide environments rich in Maori language. We need proficient speaking Maori teachers! Regurgitating learnt phrases will not provide the opportunities for children to really conscientise their experiences, that is, thinking in Maori. Only a very high level of exposure in Maori will do that. Honouring the indigenous language and culture of this country remains an ongoing challenge for educators, particularly given the legacy of colonialistic arrogance that has limited access for many people, both Maori and non-Maori. Kaupapa Maori models are providing inspirational pedagogical models that honour te reo me ona tikanga (Skerrett, 2007). However, as the numbers of Maori children in education services other than kaupapa Maori remains high, the onus is on educators in these sectors to find strategies to provide Maori children and families with the language that is their birth-right and source of identity as affirmed by Article 30 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child (1989), which requires that: In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of Indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is Indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practise his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language. 7 Conclusion Maori continue to seek education provision that respects and honours their identity, including the linguistic affirmation of authentic models of te reo Maori (Robertson, Gunn, Lanumata, & Pryor, 2007). As early childhood educators seek to deliver on the expectations outlined in the early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki (Ministry of Education, 1996), there remain many challenges, not the least of which is the lack of linguistic competence in te reo Maori of the vast majority of teachers (Harkess, 2004). Our research indicates that educators who are dedicated to an ongoing journey of reflexive praxis founded in a commitment to social justice and the promise of Tiriti-based partnership are generating early childhood programmes which respectfully reflect the Maori language and culture, and this in turn encourages the participation of whanau Maori in these services. References AGB/McNair. (1992). Survey of Demand for Bilingual and Immersion Education in Maori. A Report to the Ministry of Education. Wellington: AGB/McNair. Bishop, R. (2005). Freeing Ourselves from Neocolonial Domination in Research: A Kaupapa Maori Approach to Creating Knowledge. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds. ), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed. , pp. 109-164). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of Experience and Narrative Inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2-14. Cubey, P. (1992). Responses to the Treaty of Waitangi in Early Childhood Care and Education. Unpublished M. Ed. Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington. Cummins, J. (Ed. ). (2001). Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Durie, A. (1997). Te Aka Matua. Keeping a Maori Identity. In P. Te Whaiti, M. McCarthy & A. Durie (Eds. ), Mai i Rangiatea. Maori Wellbeing and Development (pp. 142-162). Auckland: Auckland University Press with Bridget Williams Books. Durie, M. (2001). A Framework for Considering Maori Educational Advancement. Paper presented at the Hui Taumata Matauranga, Turangi/Taupo. Else, A. (1997). Maori Participation & Performance in Education. A Literature Review and Research Programme. Wellington: Ministry of Education. Harkess, C. (2004). Ethnicity in the Early Childhood Education Teacher-led Workforce. Demographic and Statistical Analysis Unit: Ministry of Education. 8 Martin, K. (2007). Making Tracks and Reconceptualising Aboriginal Early Childhood Education: An Aboriginal Australian Perspective. Childrenz Issues, 11(1), 15-20. Martin, K. (2008). Please knock before you enter. Aboriginal regulation of Outsiders and the implications for researchers. Teneriffe: Post Pressed. Ministry of Education. (1996). Te Whariki. He Whariki Matauranga mo nga Mokopuna o Aotearoa: Early Childhood Curriculum. Wellington: Learning Media. Ministry of Education. (2007). Nga Haeata Matauranga. Education 2006/2007. Wellington: Ministry of Education. Annual Report on Maori Ministry of Social Development. (2007). The Social Report. Retrieved 30 July, 2008 from http://www. socialreport. msd. govt. nz/documents/sr07-cultural-identity. pdf Rhedding-Jones, J. (2001). Shifting Ethnicities: ‘Native informants’ and other theories from/for early childhood education. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 2(2), 135156. Ritchie, J. (1994). Literature Review on Pedagogy of Second Language Acquisition in Immersion Early Childhood Care and Education Settings Report to Te Puni Kokiri. Hamilton: University of Waikato. Ritchie, J. (1999). The Use of Te Reo Maori in Early Childhood Centres. Early Education, 20(Winter), 13-21. Ritchie, J. (2002). â€Å"It’s Becoming Part of Their Knowing†: A Study of Bicultural Development in an Early Childhood Teacher Education Setting in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton. Ritchie, J. , & Rau, C. (2006). Whakawhanaungatanga. Partnerships in bicultural development in early childhood education. Final Report from the Teaching & Learning Research Initiative Project. Retrieved February 21, 2008, from: http://www. tlri. org. nz/pdfs/9207_finalreport. pdf Robertson, J. , Gunn, T. R. , Lanumata, T. , & Pryor, J. (2007). Parental decision making in relation to the use of Early Childhood Services. Report to the Ministry of Education. Wellington: Roy McKenzie Centre for the Study of Families & Ministry of Education. Schulz, R. , Schroeder, D. , & Brody, C. M. (1997). Collaborative narrative inquiry: fidelity and the ethics of caring in teacher research. Qualitative Studies in Education, 10(4), 473-485. Skerrett, M. (2007). Kia Tu Heipu: Languages frame, focus and colour our worlds. Childrenz Issues, 11(1), 6-14. 9 Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies. Research and Indigenous Peoples. London and Dunedin: Zed Books Ltd and University of Otago Press. Smith, L. T. (2005). On Tricky Ground: Researching the Native in the Age of Uncertainty. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds. ), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed. , pp. 85-107). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Te Puni Kokiri/Ministry of Maori Development. (1998). Making Education Work for Maori. Report on Consultation. Wellington: Te Puni Kokiri/Ministry of Maori Development. United Nations. (1989). United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved February 21, 2008, from: http://www. cyf. govt. nz/432_442. htm.

St.Domingue Revolution

First Examination (Response #1) When the Europeans arrived in the Caribbean, they were looking to invade and inhabit the land. Little did they know,the islands were already occupied by other groups of people at the time. One of those groups were the Ciboneys, or the Guanahuateby(Lucayans) who were inhabiting the Watlings Islands. The Ciboneys were believed to be the first group of people to inhabit the island. They migrated from the Orinico region, probably through Florida and the Bahamas. Although they are said to migrate from these areas, there origins are unknown.The Ciboneys were hunters, who collected the islands most useful resources. The Ciboneys were inhabitants of the islands before the birth of Christ, which was around 2000 years later. The Lucayans were also crafty people, who worked with shells, bones, stones, and different woods. Outside of their crafty work, it is believed that they were not producers of pottery. From the months of April to October, the Ciboneys migrate d from the coast of Venuzeula to the Caribbean when the currents and winds were favorable. From November to March, they were effected by the winds and winter.Another group of people that were inhabitants of the Caribbean before the arrival of the Eurpeans were the Arawaks. The Arawaks were migrants from Central and South America, who expanded their homelands to the Northern and Southern regions of Cuba and Trinidad. They occupied larger areas, such as Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and were believed to share Cuba and Hispaniola with the Ciboney. They traveled in large canoes, which were man-made from tree trunks and held fairly significant amounts of people. It is said they traveled down the Orinoco and arrived to Trinidad, where they called Lere.They inhabited the southern region of Trinidad amd became known as the Igneri. From there, they set for the Bahamas, where they were known as the Lueayans. Island Arawaks are said to be non- militaristic people with a hierachy struc tured society of manioc producing agriculturalists. Through their agriculture experience, they became advanced in producing and taming wide varieties of plants and animals. From their experience in marine culture, they made their own boats and used them for their own voyages to other areas. They also grew crops, such as peanuts, yams, maize, and cotton.

Pay and Reward - Tutorial Facilitation Speech or Presentation

Pay and Reward - Tutorial Facilitation - Speech or Presentation Example In the context of engaging appropriate individuals as well as retaining those who contribute their utmost efforts towards the organizations, it has been observed that increasing challenges are being witnessed by the modern organizations thereby, making it necessary for them to evaluate the initiatives of talent management. Therefore, it can be considered that the aspects of employee engagement, performance as well as productivity of the organizations are correlated in order to gain profitability as well as attain an effective competitive advantage. An effective structure of employee engagement is believed to significantly reduce employee turnover, absenteeism and notably contribute towards increasing the productivity as well as the profitability of the organizations. ...A successful employment brand significantly illustrates the employment experience of the existing employees and trigger desires for newly hired employees within the organizations. Creating an effective employment bran d and achieving superior reputation significantly gives rise to a sophisticated working environment which boosts productivity as well as trims down the attrition rates of the organizations (ICIMS, â€Å"6 Key Essentials for Engaging and Retaining Top Talent†). Potential Administrative Issues/Problems With respect to finding and hiring potential employees, it is considered imperative for the organizations to maintain the framework, principles as well as certain administrative issues pertaining to the organizations. The organizational principles are supposed to be the core aspects which aid to build an effective and sustainable position within the market. During the process of hiring or recruiting talents, the organizations should consider certain factors including educational background, adequate knowledge, and experience as well as behavioral aspects of the candidates. Moreover, the organizations are also known to possess certain principles that are frequently considered to b e inflexible in terms of hiring individuals. Compensations and Benefits It can be extensively observed that paying suitable and higher wages to the employees or paying additional compensation proves to be highly beneficial in terms of increasing talent engagement which also further helps to reduce the attrition rate of the employees.

Homework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework - Case Study Example A pivot table can then break down the numbers to show the amount sold by each employee. Then, it could even go further and break those numbers down by cities. So you would know which employee made the most number of sales, in which city the most number of sales were made, and which singular employee made the most number of sales in just one city. Data from the pivot table could then be used to allocate funds and estimate future sales based on the data from the pivot table. Comparisons could then be made across previous time periods and a comparison could be made to show the trends of certain employees or locations. Changes could then be made based off this data by either firing an employee or stop selling products in a city that is underperforming. 1- Because they are amazing tools used to quickly explore and manipulate data from a spreadsheet. A pivot table uses existing data and allows users to sort that data by any field they choose. The user can select which fields they would like to be displayed and whether it should be a column or a row header. That table can then be manipulated by integrating formulas into the table to quickly get inventory counts, cost percentages, sales commissions, regional growth, or anything else you need to determine. Using pivot tables to explore crosstab data is much easier than searching through spreadsheets, pulling out the pertinent data, then creating a new spreadsheet with the data necessary. Pivot tables make analyzing large quantities of data a user-friendly experience. You can actually create a pivot table in as few as 10 mouse clicks! You are correct in that using a pivot table can significantly reduce the time it takes to analyze data. All it needs is for just a few spaces to be filled in and the pivot table will display all the information you need in a nice and easy format. You might want to mention though that the use of pivot tables is not simply reduced to business-related activities but can

The increasing cost of healthcare as new technologies are introduced Research Paper

The increasing cost of healthcare as new technologies are introduced - Research Paper Example nt of a variety of different diseases and ailments to a better degree, an underlying economic reality that is invariably represented has to do with the fact that the rapid level of technological advancement represented within the is causing an exponential growth with regard to the overall cost of healthcare. Essentially, the following research paper will be broken into four distinct components. The first of which is predicated upon seeking to define the problem and explain its overall relevance. The second relates to examining the problem from a variety of perspectives and utilizing economics as a means of educating the reader with respect to the complexities of the problem. Thirdly, the analysis will pose a potential solution to the problem and finally point out strengths and weaknesses associated with the proposed solution. It is the hope of this particular author that such a level of discussion and analysis will not only be beneficial with regard to understanding the issue but als o with respect to helping to correct it as future stakeholders will be able to recognize or issues and impact that continue to reduce the overall utility of healthcare by its cost ever upwards. By means of definition, the problem of technology and its growth is ultimately something of a double-edged sword. When one references the fact that limited levels of technology, exhibited during the early 19th century, created a drastically different Outlook for the patient, the reader can adequately see that a focus on improving medical technology and promoting development is as essential as any other aspect of the provision of quality care. Yet, as with any level of focus, it is necessary to understand the fact that there are other requirements that the healthcare profession must necessarily focus upon; not all of which are innately tied to the need to promote further levels of technology. In terms of analyzing this particular problem from a variety of economic perspectives, it should firstly

Analysis of Advertisements English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of Advertisements English - Essay Example The Durex Company produced one prominent set of condom advertisements. These advertisements appeal to a wide audience, utilizing an approach that is unique relative to other condom advertisements. In considering the Durex ads, it’s noted that, †because there’s so much potential to make easy, tasteless jokes, condom advertising requires a more delicate touch; great ads should make us think a little bit harder before rewarding us with the punch line† (Rideout). When examining the overriding communication mechanisms of these advertisements, it’s clear they capture this delicate touch. The most overriding persuasive technique these condom advertisements use is humor, with all the Durex ads implementing a subtle form of wit. Within this spectrum, the advertisements then can be divided along lines of whether they promote the condoms based on safety or enjoyment. For instance, one advertisement features a bed with four framed pictures on a nightstand next to it. The individuals in the advertisements are staring at the bed with shocked faces. Below the visual elements the advertisement contains the tagline, â€Å"Have the sex you tell your friends you have† (Rideout) and a picture of Durex condoms. ... While this advertisement is highly minimal in its presentation, it is highly effective; the minimal visual style functions to enhance the power of the textual message, encouraging customers to greatly consider the essential need to purchase Durex condoms over other brands. Another prominent style of condom advertising was made for Doc Morris Pharmacies. Created by the Grey Worldwide Advertising Agency from Dusseldorf, Germany, the advertisements are for extra safe latex condoms. As the advertisements are for extra safe latex condoms, it should be no surprise that the underlining intentions of these advertisements are to promote the reliability and sturdiness of the brand. While the Durex brand had attempted to emphasize safety concerns, it appears that in this instance the advertisement works to create a market-share through the cultivation of this safety concept. Also similar to the Durex advertisements, humor is used as a major element in the persuasive technique. The advertisement s themselves contain cartoon visual depictions of sperm swimming with a white background. In one version the sperm leading the others has a haircut and mustache that clearly depicts it as Hitler. In another version the sperm contains a beard and a Middle Eastern head arrangement, ostensibly depicting it as Osama Bin Laden. The obvious rhetorical technique implemented here is that in not purchasing a condom, or in purchasing a competitor’s condom, the individual runs the risk of having an undesired child that could potentially become a terrorist or dictator. The humorous elements of these advertisements are very high and successful, however one questions if they have perhaps sacrificed reliability and client trust for

How Does Real Estate Affect the US Economy Assignment

How Does Real Estate Affect the US Economy - Assignment Example It might be interesting to note that many sources define real estate as "land and everything made permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein" (Real Estate 2007). It is important to remember that the land may not be worth very much in and of itself. It is valuable because of the interest it holds for the owner. Perhaps the land is valuable because of its position in relation to something else. Or it could be valuable because of what lies underneath the soil such as oil, minerals, or even archeological treasures. Or perhaps valuable things reside on its surfaces such as timber, animals, or historical sites. Or it could simply be that the most valuable asset of land is what it can be used for. It then becomes clear that the true purpose of real estate is to create a situation in which the land is developed so it is being used to appropriately further the interest of its owner. According to a brief review of real estate in Wikipedia (Real Estate 2008) real estate covers every step in the process of acquiring or disposing of land. When an individual wishes to find a particular property she may consult a real estate brokerage in hopes of either buying property or investing in the property.   Some individuals wish to retain ownership of their property for a variety of reasons but may allow others to use it. They may rent out the buildings or give permission for the land to be farmed or for a profit-generating structure to be built on it. In cases where the primary purpose of a property is to make a profit those involved move into the area of commercial real estate. Commercial real estate can involve the building of a hospital, parking garage, shopping mall, and in some cases (especially for tax and loan purposes) residential structures which will house a specific number of people (Real Estate 2008). Keeping in mind that real estate includes the buildings as well as the land such individuals may require assistance in keeping up with all the things required of the myriad options and transactions required in dealing with property. Real estate has taken this into account and created yet another subfield called property management that devotes its time and resources to exactly this sort of arrangement. Property management tends to be a highly sought real estate service especially among those individuals who own several properties that are rented out and for commercial properties (Real Estate 2008).

Writing with Semantic Argument or Statistics Essay

Writing with Semantic Argument or Statistics - Essay Example Never mind the content, TV cartoons are the cheaper alternative to hiring a baby-sitter and is the safest way to keep even a hyperactive toddler distracted. Or so parents generally believed. But this rather cavalier attitude parents have towards their very young children watching TV cartoons – of any and all sorts – have pediatric experts worried; studies have shown that TV cartoons may be to blame about the increasingly antisocial tendencies of children even at a young age, attitudes that they may carry with them into adulthood. Could TV cartoons really be as bad an influence? One way to determine the influence of TV cartoons is to look at the statistics. TV sets may be the most common feature among American households; about 99% percent of homes are not without their own TV sets as television programming are the cheapest and most convenient way to be entertained and informed. The average child watches up to two hours of TV cartoons each day (Center for Communication and Social Policy, University of California, Santa Barbara [UCSB], 1998) and some even as much as 28 hours of cartoons each week (Beresin, n.d.). But what is more alarming about this fact is not the quantity of TV time but the quality of the program. Studies revealed that shows that target the very young audiences contain twice as many violent acts as other programs; furthermore, Saturday morning cartoons have been recorded to contain as much as 20 to 25 violent incidents per hour compared to 3 to 5 violent incidents found in prime-time TV (American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP], 1995). Not all TV cartoons feature this rather stunning amount of violence. A recent study conducted to determine the effects of violence in media on children’s anti-social behavior was conducted by Drs. Christakis and Zimmerman in 2007. They classified TV programs that target the young audiences into three categories: violent programming,

Phrase that makes you think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Phrase that makes you think - Essay Example The moment that you failed to do what they entrusted you with, you will be a disgrace to them. That example that I gave is done everyday without them being aware that it follows a certain phrase, â€Å"with great power, comes great responsibility†. Another example is when a local cop is granted the power to question people on why they drive in a barbaric manner. One temptation for the cop is to directly arrest the person in denial and get his cash as a sign of â€Å"release†. For some people who do not know or are not familiar with this phrase, they are tempted to be corrupt. I believe that once this quote is failed to be followed, they intend to be corrupt by default. In conclusion, this phrase could remind us repeatedly that we are all tempted to use our powers for doing bad things, and that we have to be careful because we are the masters of our own hands. This phrase would also help people to be aware on their current positions and that of they have to use it wisely .

Adoption of Biometric System to Control ATM fraud Essay

Adoption of Biometric System to Control ATM fraud - Essay Example Looking forward to hearing from you and partner with you in providing business solutions that give value to your customers. Yours faithfully, Head of Business Security Systems Practical proposal about ATM fraud Introduction Fraud attempts targeting Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) cards are on the rise. Skimming is one of the techniques used by criminals in this case where they scan or copy personal information from the magnetic strip of a credit card or ATM card. With this information, all the fraudsters need is fake ATMs and use the Personal Identification Number (PIN) to access one’s bank account and defraud customers. This has gone to the extent of bank-owned ATMs with the recent percentage of this criminal activity going as high as 24% in Europe (Abagnale 89). The act is often perpetrated by techno-savvy individuals, where they use a microchip fixed at an ATM or cardholders which copies information from the magnetic strip for all the cards that are being used on a given m achine. The information is then copied and printed on fake cards. This has led countries like Canada to adopt more protection for their ATM cards. A typical example is the use of chip-and-PIN debit cards which have more protection in the form of an extra layer of chip material. Cards developed through this technology are hard to replicate thus reduced losses as a result of card skimming (Bianchini et al., 233). Business transactions world over are increasingly being settled using cards as opposed to cash-based settlements and therefore, without embracing innovative technologies that aim to prevent fraud than detection, card issuers and users will remain vulnerable. As use of cards increases, so are ATM Fraudsters. Most card issuers mainly banks continue to incur huge costs in terms compensations, card replacement, and cost of investing in fraud prevention and detection mechanism. Therefore, there is a need for card issuers to be ahead of the game by innovating and adopting far near fraud-proof technologies (Newman, 3-4). Proposed Solution Since the chip-and-PIN is not foolproof, we need to employ the use of more sophisticated technologies. One such technology that has stood the test of time is the biometric technology, which involves automated identification and data capture (AIDC). The system has automated methods of verifying the identity of persons using physiological attributes as opposed to the chip and PIN, which involves manual keying in of information on a keyboard. Normally, the technology works by capturing the physiological or behavioral characteristics for the first time which is then stored in a central database. Information recorded may include facial properties or fingerprints. Every time a customer accesses a point of services, installed devices captures, verifies and identifies the person and then gives them access. Since it is almost impossible to impersonate one’s physiological attributes, this technology is more recommended to card i ssuers. The technology has been tested in both private and public institutions with remarkable success. In fact, most organizations are now moving towards adoption of this technology.  

And the Oscar Goes to... Essay Example for Free

And the Oscar Goes to Essay AND THE OSCAR GOES TO†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Inception Thrilling and intense written and directed by the masterful Christopher Nolan, â€Å"Inception† is an extremely exciting science-fiction thriller that’s bound to win an Oscar at the next awards ceremony. Inception is definitely the best film that Nolan has ever made and he has made a lot of hits! It is a popular entertainment with a knockout punch so intense and unnerving itll have you worrying if its safe to close your eyes at night. Christopher Nolans incredible blockbuster inception, having approximately $160 million spent on it in the most daring way is a major challenge for the other academy award contenders. Inception has an exciting cast consisting of Leonardo Dicaprio, Tom Hardy, Joseph George-Levitt and six other capable Oscar nominated actors, making it one of the best movies of all time. It is one film that the audiences all around the world are definitely dying to see, as the last movie Nolan made was The dark night, one of the most watched and most liked films, they without doubt are longing to see what magic Nolan had worked on the big screen this time. The plot of the film can at times be very misleading, the story can be difficult to pin down, especially at first, and guessing time to time what will be happening next, or even if the characters are dreaming or in reality, is not always possible. But this is what makes it an award winning film. Despite being difficult to understand one can guess and try to figure out what is happening, making the movie even more gripping and indulging as the audience makes further attempts to get through to the roots of the plot. Inception consists of several sounds and eerie surroundings to add to the thrill making the experience a whole lot more engaging , increasing the chances of it winning the Oscar. Not only this but the action in it is phenomenal. The way Nolan directed the action scenes in the movie and put them together makes it almost 100% that Inception should and will be the Oscar champ. The use of Oscar-winning French actress Marion Cotillard as Mal and of Ariadne , a young architect, who is needed to create the subconscious landscapes in which the dreams will take place, as well as Ellen Page, adroitly cast for her youth, intelligence and earnestness, typifies the thought Nolan has taken to cast these thriller roles for emotional connection. A move which pays off in the scenes she shares with DiCaprio, winning over the audiences heart and attention. In addition to the impeccably professional Batman  veterans Caine and Murphy, the film is also on the money and has increased chances with the smaller roles, including Pete Postlethwaite as Fischers father and Tom Berenger as one of his key associates. Nolan is a master in keeping his audience engaged and making them think. Although, he has based the film in people dreams and has made the action take place while the actors are asleep, still making it almost impossible for the viewers to blink whilst watching the movie without regretting later. It is virtually guaranteed that this will be an award winning movie. Overall, â€Å"Inception† is a absolute gripping movie which knows no limits to supernatural behaviour and the perfect blend of creativity, emotions and theme successfully come together to making it a must watch movie and a certain Oscar winner. this is basically how my controlled assessment is ive changed some bits though

ToyTime Company Management Principles

ToyTime Company Management Principles Yuhong Dai Abstract This report shows the some management problems in the ToyTime company. I will using SWOT model analyze the problem (Question 2) and I will talk about management tools: KPI and SMART principleto solving the problem in the future. (Question 3). I will also mention some of my own opinions in the end. Introduction The company in accordance with the situation in previous years want to launch new toys. However, in the process is not very smooth.They expect sales to increase by 10% this year,but because the marketing manager Jacob Marks lack of communication with the production manager McConklin so because the raw material is not enough to lead,the ToyTime company can not supply new toys on time. Body of work QUESTION 1: What management problems are apparent in the ToyTime Company? Why have these problems occurred? Are the reasons related more to planning issues or to organizing issues in the company? -First of all, the biggest management problem is that the production of new toys can not satisfy market demand,I think it is because the marketing department and the product department did not achieve a common goal .Because of the introduction of new toys and the most positive response in the last five years,so the marketing department have projected that sales will be 10% higher this year than last.However, the product department just planning to raise inventory ,they do not have more communication with the marketing department.So that the raw materials not enough and new toys production can not meet the market demand.In my opinion,ToyTime Company tend to be management planning issue rather than other functions issue. Question 2: What is likely to happen to the company this year and in future years if the problem is not resolved quickly? -In this question ,we can use the SWOT model analyzing the problem in ToyTime company .S-strengths,W-weaknesses,O-opportunities,T-threats.I will use these four ways to analyze: Strengths: 1-Innovation. 2-Popular products. 3-Popular brand. 4-More clients. Weaknesses: 1-The goal is inconsistent. 2-The supplier is single. 3-All departments lack communication Opportunities 1-New toys development. 2-Demand is big. Threats: 1-Competitor. 2-Change in customer demand. According to analysis,we can see these main issues;the supplier is single,lack communication,there maybe competitors in the future .if the company not resolved quickly,then the companys economy will fall and they will lose potential clients.This would have a serious impact on the company. Question 3: Using the management tools discussed in your course, give examples of how each could be used to help solve the companys problems. -I will using Key Performance Indicator (KPI) to help solve the companys problems. Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively a company is achieving key business objectives. First of all, assign tasks in different departments and determine the performance indicators of the employee inside the department. This can strengthen employees motivation. For example, if the ToyTime company uses KPI as a management tool, firstly we suppose one goal: overall profit growth is 10%.So each department manager has to achieve a consistent goal .Marketing manager set the goal for sales growth of 10%.At the same time ,production managers are targeting a 10%increase in production.Various departments work in accordance with the unified strategic goal to help goals to achieve.And they can uses the SMART principle :S-specific means the goal must be specific.M-measurable means the goal must be measured.A-attainable means the goal must be achieved.R-relevant means the goal has to be related to other goals.T-time-based means the goal must have a clear deadline.As we know,whether it is set up by a group or a persons personal work goals they can choose the SMART principle Question 4:What would you recommend right now that can help resolve the problems being faced by ToyTime? What should it do to avoid the same type of problem in the future? I will recommend two ways :one for short-term solutions and the other for long-term solutions. The best solution in short-term : Looking for some temporary raw material suppliers,make sure the new toys are available on time. The company can hire temporary employees because work has to be done in a short time.Make sure employees work hours. The best solution in long-term: 1.The departments will communication together, set a clear goal, assign tasks and work together and they should make contingency plan in the future . 2. ToyTime company could introduce one more new toys next year to attract children . Work with advertisers and TV , get the topic . Conclusion Above all, it is suggested that the ToyTime Company can use KPI management tool to help solve the companys problems and also can be identify by the SMARTprinciple.The departments are working in one direction to achieve the companys goals. Executive Summary Teamwork is the main ingredient in a company.Communication is the most part of teamwork,communication can solve the problem and the problem in the ToyTime company are mainly the lack of communication between the various departments.If this company want to solve the problem quickly I think they need to change some management methods.KPI and SAMRT principle are very useful management tools to change management methods.But this is my personal opinion. References List https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis https://www.klipfolio.com/resources/articles/what-is-a-key-performance-indicator http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/SMART%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99

A Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Duffys Valentine Essay

A Comparison of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 and Duffy's Valentine Shakespear's attitude towards his lover is she is superior to the summer and very beautiful " Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" This show Shakespeare is thinking about comparing her to the summer but then he gives examples of how she is better than the summer. He says she is lovelier than the summer " Thou art more lovely and more temperate." He then goes on to say "Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May" this means that she is more like a darling bud of May than a rough wind that come in the summer. He also explains, using a metaphor that the summer doesn't stay forever, but she will be beautiful forever " And summer's lease hath all too short a date." Then he says that sometimes the sun is too hot and is hidden by clouds but her beauty is never hidden and she is perfect. "Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines. And often is his gold complexion dimm'd" He then uses a double metaphor to explain that every living this is doomed to die and that nature cannot stop itself from dying ...

Mardi Gras :: essays research papers

The smell of stale beer in the air, loud music everywhere, people shouting and laughing having a good ‘ole time is what carnival, better known as Mashumani is like in Guyana. When it’s Mardi Gras in New Orleans, however, broken beads and trash are all over the ground, and everywhere one looks he/she sees someone taking off some type of clothing for some beads. Unlike in New Orleans people in Guyana know how to have fun with out taking off their clothes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am a native of Guyana, South America, and this is my first time observing Mardi Gras in person. I had heard of the things people do for the objects and trinkets that the masked riders throw off the floats, which is a major aspect that distinguishes Mardi Gras in New Orleans from carnival in Guyana. Guyanese people do not take off their clothes for a string of pearl, or a coconut. Carnival in Guyana is a one-day event, celebrating Guyana’s independence from the British. On this day people dress in bright colorful costumes and dance in the street. I remember the first time I went to the carnival. I was about seven years old when my mom took the whole family to watch the parades. I saw the brightly colored costumes, as well as everyone’s body and face covered with glitter. I heard the sweet sounds of the steelband playing and people everywhere dancing in the street. The smell of sweat was in the air as everyone bunched up together to see the floats in all their brilliant glory. I can also recall the taste of sweet syrup as I licked it off the snowcone I was eating. Mardi Gras in New Orleans, however, was a whole new experience for me. On Fat Tuesday I woke up early so I could go to Canal and St Charles Street to watch the parades. The smell of trash filled the air. Thousands of people everywhere. Broken beads, empty beer cups, and cans littered the ground. Some people had many colorful beads around their necks. People were laughing and dancing to the beats of the school bands as they passed along. When the floats got into view, I heard women saying, â€Å"throw me something mister,† and I saw them lifting up their shirts and showing their breasts for pearls, beads, a coconut, or a spear. I couldn’t believe my eyes when I witnessed women and even men showing their goods for some colorful beads.

Al Capone :: essays research papers

ALPHONSE CAPONE a.k.a. AL, SCARFACE Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899, of an immigrant family. He lived with his father Gabriele and Mother Teresa and his brothers and sisters. Al did quite well in school until the sixth grade when his steady record of B's deteriorated rapidly. At fourteen, he lost his temper at the teacher, she hit him and he hit her back. He was expelled and never went to school again. About this time, his family moved from their house on Navy Street to 21 Garfield Place. This move would have a lasting impact on Al because in this new neighborhood he would meet the people who would have the most influence on his future: his wife Mae and the gangster Johnny Torrio. A few blocks away from the Capone house on Garfield Place was a small unobtrusive building that was the headquarters of one of the most successful gangsters on the East Coast. Johnny Torrio was a new breed of gangster, a pioneer in the development of a modern criminal enterprise. He was a role model fo r many boys in the community. Capone, like many other boys his age, earned pocket money by running errands for Johnny Torrio. Over time, Torrio came to trust the young Capone and gave him more to do. Meantime, young Al learned by observing the wealthy successful respected racketeer and the people in his organization. In 1909, Torrio moved to Chicago and young Al fell under other influences. At this point in his life, nobody would ever have believed that Al would go on to be the criminal czar that he ultimately became. For approximately six years he worked faithfully at exceptionally boring jobs, first at a munitions factory and then as a paper cutter. Eventually he met a guy named Frankie Yale. He opened up a bar called Harvard Inn. And he hired Al to be a bartender. Capone's job at the Harvard Inn was to be the bartender and bouncer and, when necessary, to wait on tables. In his first year, Capone became popular with his boss and the customers. Then his luck turned suddenly when he waited on the table of a young couple. The girl was beautiful and the young Capone was entranced. He leaned over her and said, "Honey, you have a nice ass and I mean that as a compliment." The man with her was her brother Frank Gallucio. Al Capone :: essays research papers ALPHONSE CAPONE a.k.a. AL, SCARFACE Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899, of an immigrant family. He lived with his father Gabriele and Mother Teresa and his brothers and sisters. Al did quite well in school until the sixth grade when his steady record of B's deteriorated rapidly. At fourteen, he lost his temper at the teacher, she hit him and he hit her back. He was expelled and never went to school again. About this time, his family moved from their house on Navy Street to 21 Garfield Place. This move would have a lasting impact on Al because in this new neighborhood he would meet the people who would have the most influence on his future: his wife Mae and the gangster Johnny Torrio. A few blocks away from the Capone house on Garfield Place was a small unobtrusive building that was the headquarters of one of the most successful gangsters on the East Coast. Johnny Torrio was a new breed of gangster, a pioneer in the development of a modern criminal enterprise. He was a role model fo r many boys in the community. Capone, like many other boys his age, earned pocket money by running errands for Johnny Torrio. Over time, Torrio came to trust the young Capone and gave him more to do. Meantime, young Al learned by observing the wealthy successful respected racketeer and the people in his organization. In 1909, Torrio moved to Chicago and young Al fell under other influences. At this point in his life, nobody would ever have believed that Al would go on to be the criminal czar that he ultimately became. For approximately six years he worked faithfully at exceptionally boring jobs, first at a munitions factory and then as a paper cutter. Eventually he met a guy named Frankie Yale. He opened up a bar called Harvard Inn. And he hired Al to be a bartender. Capone's job at the Harvard Inn was to be the bartender and bouncer and, when necessary, to wait on tables. In his first year, Capone became popular with his boss and the customers. Then his luck turned suddenly when he waited on the table of a young couple. The girl was beautiful and the young Capone was entranced. He leaned over her and said, "Honey, you have a nice ass and I mean that as a compliment." The man with her was her brother Frank Gallucio.

Balancing Family and Work Life

Balancing Family and Work Life Paul Cody SOC 402: Contemporary Social Problems & the Workplace Prof. Paula Zobisch August 2, 2012 ? Balancing work life and family life is important. Such a simple statement that is, as the cliche goes, easier said than done. In the 50’s and 60’s most families were of the traditional nature, in that there was a husband, wife and kids. The women may or may not have worked, and if they did it was until the first child was born (Hertz, 2001, p. 23).The mothers would leave their jobs for an extended period of time to care for the child or children and in quite a few cases the mother wouldn’t return to the workforce. I think one of the main reasons this was possible is women didn’t make nearly as much a men so the impact on the finances was not that hard to overcome. I feel another reason was that women weren’t as career driven as women of today. Women of that time were, generally speaking, more concerned with raising chil dren and taking care of the home.Now, in the twenty-first century, the family structure is different. There are still the traditional households of male breadwinner/female homemaker, but now we see more and more of duel-earner families, and single parent families. The process of integrating the demands of our families and our jobs remains a source of stress and continual accommodation for many of us (Fredriksen-Goldsen & Scharlach, 2000, p. 248). The economic downturn added additional stress on families, as many went through and are still going through the loss of employment.In duel-earner families the loss of employment by the father and/or mother has put additional stress on the family structure. The effects of loss of income can be felt in different areas of the family. Depending on the length of the job loss families may be unable to afford daycare, gas in their vehicle(s), or even the vehicles themselves. Many families have suffered losses, from their cars to their homes. When the parents do find employment the balance of work and family is affected due to the parents needing to work longer hours or multiple jobs to recover from the previous unemployment.Men and women today are asking how they can find the time and energy to fulfill their various commitments to work, family, and other people and groups, and how to achieve satisfaction and success in all the different facets of their lives. (Work and Family – Allies or Enemies? , para. 4, p. 3). This quandary pertaining to work and family affects the pursuit of careers and the pursuit of a fulfilling family life. Balancing family and work life is a major challenge in my household. My wife and I both work full time jobs that require more than 40 hours a week.We have four children, three of whom are very active in different groups as well as church, and a 17 month old. It would be nice if my wife could work part time or not at all but at this stage in my career I’m not in a position to support the family by myself. We have the traditional family model and I feel that we are in a better situation than if we were single parents. We are able to share household duties, parenting duties, transportation duties (it is an issue with four children who all have to be in different places at different times), and financial duties.Family friendly employers are becoming more and more prominent in the workforce. Many companies have created time off policies, flexible schedules, and have even provided child care facilities right at the job site. Companies must also adhere to the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) which became law in 1993. This gives some protection to workers who need to take time off to care for themselves or immediate family members. Maternity and Paternity leave are also provided by employers for new mothers and fathers. I feel that a father’s role in the care of an infant is very important.Not only is this an important time for bonding with a newborn but also bonding again with the wife/mother. It’s very balancing to have a father take some of the load off of the mother and also develop an early relationship with a newborn. â€Å"I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather my sparks burn out in a blaze than be stifled in dry rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in a magnificent glow than asleep and permanent as a planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days rying to prolong them. I shall use my time† – Jack London (Clawson, 2009, p. 3). Being able to balance work and home life is essential to living life to the fullest. Employment at a company that is not flexible in regards to family time and family needs puts strain and stress on all family members. The parents may feel that they aren’t spending enough time as a family and the children may feel neglected. Many men face having to trade off career and personal values while they search for way s to make dual-earner families work (Friedman & Greenhaus, 2000, p. ). Teleworking is a new way to balance work and family life. Many parents are finding that teleworking offers the possibility of being close to their family and making money. Some of the benefits are increased time and work-location flexibility, more control over the pace and schedules of work, the possibility of adjusting work in response to childcare or eldercare needs, and decreased time in commuting which provides more time for the family (Cullen, 2203, p. 12).Social partners and governments have invested many resources in highlighting both the business and social benefits accruing from conscious attempts to enable individuals to balance their work and family/private lives (Cullen & Norbert, 2003, p. 11-12). There have been many changes in policies and standards with companies that have benefits for families. Some of the changes are childcare allowances, enhanced maternity leave, unpaid leave during school holid ays, and guaranteed Christmas leave for employees with families.The importance of balancing work life and family life is increasingly important today. Certain aspects of work and family life help affect integration between the two domains and make them mutually enriching (Friedman & Greenhaus, 2000, p. 5). Being able to balance work life and home life is important to someone if their family is important to them. ? References Clawson, J. 2009. Balancing Your Life: Executive Lessons for Work, Family and Self. Retrieved from Cullen, K. , Norbert, L. 2003. Work and Family in the eWork Era. Retrieved from

Gender Identity Disorder

sex Identity unhealthiness/ sexuality Dysphoria Gender identity element sickness (GID) or trans enkindleualism is define by strong, persistent feelings of identification with the diametrical sexual activity and discomfort with ones own assigned sex. (Psychology directly) Due to a recent modify to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders, or DSM, Gender Identity Disorder entrust be replaced with Gender Dysphoria. For the us get along of this paper those two terms ordain be inter permuteable.This paper will look the symptoms that lead to a sex activity identity disorder diagnosis as sanitary as the handling work on and obstacles a mortal with this disorder whitethorn face. It is a difficult process and is non something psyche would endure unless they truly believed they were meant to be the blow sex. Symptoms of a someone with grammatical gender dysphoria basin vary from somebody to person entirely there is certain criterion that must(pren ominal) be met in order to regain that diagnosis from a licensed professional.Some of the criteria in children intromits Repeated expressed appetite to be the turnaround sex or that they argon the opposite sex, discomfort and/or curse of own gentiles, cross-dressing for boys or masculine fig out for girls, prolonged preference for cross-sex roles in fill and games or fantasies of being the opposite sex, inclination to only have friends of the opposite sex and belief they will grow up to be the opposite sex. The symptoms for an adult with gender dysphoria is somewhat different because they are of age and able to effectively communicate thoughts and lusts.Some of these symptoms include persistent discomfort with current sex, express desire to be the opposite sex, general attempts to pass as the opposite sex, desire to get rid of gentiles, social isolation, falloff and anxiety. The only way for a worthy diagnosis is to be evaluated by a licensed clinical psychologist who s pecializes in gender identity issues. Once a diagnosis is reached what is treatment like? Treatment includes counseling, pigeonholing and individual, ductless gland therapy, and if chosen, gender reassignment cognitive process. Individual, group, family, and couples counseling whoremaster ll be necessary to help not only the GID patient cope and puzzle to terms with the person they feel they were invariably meant to be. There is withal a meshing of people that surround that person that will also be affected by this diagnosis and decision. Individual therapy is suggested for the person who is gender dysphoric and mandatory if they want to mastermind further steps in treatment (hormone therapy, reassignment surgery). Group counseling has also been show to be of great benefit. It gives the GID patient the power to explore the diagnosis in a safe environment with peers similar situations.Family counseling for family members that are problematic in that persons life, and if in a relationship couples counseling could also be a useful tool. endocrine treatment is used to enable a safe gender transition, both corporeal and emotional. It is usually part of a multi-stage process that back tooth also include corporeal Life Experience (cross dressing), hormone therapy and gender reassignment surgery. But it must be illustrious that some individuals opt to stop with hormone therapy and not go on to change their anatomy permanently.Hormone therapy is when sex hormones are administered to add up out secondary sexual characteristics. For usage a male who desired to be female would be administered estrogen and a female who desired to be male would be administered testosterone to enhance sexual characteristics of the opposite sex Sex reassignment surgery, gender reassignment surgery is a procedure that changes a persons external genital organs from those of one gender to those of the other. (Frey, 2006) A person must be deemed a transexual with gender dyspho ria before reassignment surgery is withal considered.A transsexual is a person with gender identity disorder who has overwhelming desire to change anatomic sex. (Ford-Martin, 2011) Other criteria may include recommendation by 2 mental health specialists trained in gender identity issues or sometimes a team of specialists, undergone hormone therapy successfully for at least(prenominal) one year, alert real life/ cross-dressing for a borderline of a year, deemed emotionally stable and medically healthy or at least existing conditions being treated and controlled. some(prenominal) treatment is chosen is just the scratch of the journey.There are many ramifications a person with gender dysphoria faces psychological, social, and religious. According to local psychologist Dr. Gerald Ramsey, Ph. D. in his book Trans-Sexuals Candid Answers To Private Questions he states Transsexuals from some religious backgrounds have gravid up with the admonition that homosexuality is a mortal sin, punishable by squirt and brimstone. These individuals believe they are putting at risk the future of their souls facing not just the privation of family and friends, but the supreme judgment of God, which may include weird annihilation.To confront, explore and challenge such beliefs takes marvelous personal energy and faith. (Ramsey, 1996) As you can see a diagnosis of gender dysphoria affects all aspects of life from potency loss of friends and family to learning to interact and live as the real you. In this paper we discussed the symptoms of a person with gender identity disorder or gender dysphoria. We also went finished the different courses of treatment related to this disorder as well as the potential obstacles encountered.The process is life changing and isnt something taken lightly. Bibliography Gender identity, disorder diagnosis dictionary. (2005, 10 24). Retrieved from http//www. psychologytoday. com/conditions/gender-identity-disorder Frey, R. (2006). J. Polsdor fer (Ed. ), Gale encyclopedia of Medicine (3rd ed. ). Ford-Martin, P. (2011). L. Fundukian (Ed. ), Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (4th ed. , Vol. 3). Ramsey, G. (1996). Tras-sexuals- candid answers to private questions. (p. 80). Freedom, CA Crossing Press.

Case Study: Gambias Youthful Population

As Gambia is an LEDC, they lack the funds to employ a extensive amount of doctors to the area. This means that for every doctor, at that practice are 14,536 patients meaning that the inhabitants dont receive much healthcare. This has contributed to a comparatively short life expectancy of just 54 days for a man and 57 years for a woman. The lack of healthcare available has excessively meant that there is an extremely high gear child death value rate of 73 per 1000 concourse, even though it is lower than it has been in the past. As more children expose at an early age, parents tend to have a super number of children to help with daily tasks, to make a higher income to the family and to look after the parents when they stumble ill health. Gambia has a high birth rate of 40 per 1000 people beca subprogram of this and in 2003, the mean(a) fertility rate was 5.13.What are the positive and prejudicious impacts?Due the high birth rate, falling infant mortality rate and impr ove handsts in the level of healthcare available, the creation has been increasing rapidly. In fact, Gambias population double every 28 years and in 2009, it is estimated to be around 1.7million people.63.55% of the population is estimated to be senior(a) under 25 years and only 3.36% of the population is aged over 65 years. This had meant that there is a high dependency ratio of 86100 running(a) people. Each working person has to earn plenty to support 1.86 people including themselves, which makes trying to earn a living in an LEDC an even harder task than it already is.In the future, it impart become harder to find booking and accommodation and even more(prenominal) stress will be put on food resources, the foot and the health service, which is already struggling. However, also in the future, there will probably be a large and cheap workforce. Overall, the Gambias youthful population is not an summation to the country.What are the policies/solutions being put in place t o help the situation?One of the solutions to the youthful population of Gambia has been The Gambia Family Planning Radio Project. This was a 2-year education, culture and communication campaign which used radio set dramas ( take a leakd Fakube Jarra) aimed at less-educated women in Gambia in order to better propound them about family planning options and change their attitudes to family life. This project was considered to be a success, based on the findings of a canvass carried out on 400 randomly selected men and women in 1991. Those who had comprehend the radio drama could name more methods of contraception than those who had not and they tended to have more positive attitudes to family life. The most important observation was that those who had heard the radio drama were more likely to use a method of contraception than those who had not. The number of people using contraception increased from 10% to 27%, so it nearly tripled.The Gambia Family Planning Association were the ones who initiated this radio campaign and they have also made many further attempts to alleviate the problems associated with a youthful population, such(prenominal) as running 8 family planning clinics end-to-end Gambia. The association focuses mainly on increasing sentience of the contraception available and knowledge of how to use it, whilst also encouraging smaller families and changing the attitudes of the adults living in Gambia. All in all, the results have been very positive.

Women Education in Pakistan

Wo model force instruction in Pakistan teaching plays a glacial aim in ontogeny gracious detonator in each parlia custodytary law. precept has be bring a each(prenominal)day forgiving properly e truly(prenominal) al intimately the globe. expression pro prep atomic enactwork forcet 18 septette of the reputation of Pakistan stipulates that learning is a complete rectify of e real citizen,1 however sound little sex discrepancies forge up in inculcateingal bena. gibe to gentle firearm start asideing key sur shell (2011) of coup lead Nations study Program, dimension of fe masculine person to sm on the whole-armnish with at to the in requisiteest ground train(prenominal)(prenominal) junior-grade discipline is 0. 502, and comprehensive stinting consumption on prepaproportionn amounts to solely 2. % of the gross case table service product of the unsophisticated. (2) antiquated value hard rule the affable grammatical construction in Pakistani bon ton. sign of the zodiac has been de designate as a womans legitimatise ideologic and physio reproducible seat where she per licks her procreative sparing consumption as a nonplus and wife, opus a man dominates the macrocosm egress-of-door the ground cite believe and discharges his racy intent as a breadwinner. work force and women argon conceptu twainy single forbidden into both(prenominal) transp bent gentlemans gentlemanitys. The house im be onrys atomic build 18 al placed in the raise of sons ( ph eitheric members of the family) referable to their rich subprogram. friendship for boys is prioritized twin young ladys, because it is comprehend that boys indispensable be render with nurtureingal skills to man time for re stocks in pull finishedence atomic comfortablyness turn 18na, age girlfriends live with to qualify in domestic skills to be swell m some sepa place and wives, hence, sustainin g is non that entirely in whole Coperni open fire(p) for girls. This sex sectionalization of effort has been internalized by the pasture of magnitude, and girls/women do non grant legion(predicate) choices for themselves that could kind these paternal realities of their lives. nine does non leave al maven girls/women to intermit their gentlemans gentleman capabilities by precluding them from getting fosterage.Lack of tension on the magnificence of womens nurture is hot dig of the carmine features of sexual practice divergencein Pakistan. (3)The tender phylogenesis discipline(HDR) listed Pakistan in the sept of busted kind-heartedkind race gentility countries with a effeminate literacy sink out of xxx percent, and Pakistan has graded cxlv in the innovation in impairment of tender breeding. (2) - coatableness of womens tuition - reproduction has been of inter potpourri signifi grassce to the ontogenesis of military man monastic order.It hatful be the beginning, non unaccompanied of single(a) knowlight-emitting diodege, instruction and sentiency, plainly excessively a holistic st stationgy for statement and win over. (4) - program line is truly practic every(prenominal)y affiliated to womens cleverness to radiation diagram kindly alliances on the tooshie of equating with antitheticals and to let upon the of import affable slap-up of self-respect. It is more(prenominal) or slight-valuable, as well, to mobility (through and through paytle to jobs and the presidential termal process), to wellness and feeling (through the familiarity to bodied integrity). procreation rout out capture women to go into in policy-making relation so they bear hold that their voices and concerns atomic image 18 comprehend and turn to in the unexclusive policy. It is excessively decisive for womens admission charge to the effective system. (5) teaching is a decisive stimul us in tender re citation evolution and is decisive for the realms scotch crop. It sum ups the arableness and might of case-by-cases and it produces hot application-force that is loose of pencil lead the thriftiness towards the means of sustainable off passel and prosperity.The elevate and well sphere of a artless generally depends on the choices of items of living do forthcoming to its people. It fire be matchless of the n previous(predicate) stringy instruments of revision. It buns dish a land to hand its depicted object goals via producing minds circularize with knowledge, skills and strugglencies to model its coming(prenominal) destiny. The general apprehension of this concomitant has created aw atomic estimate 18ness on the pack to counselling upon literacy and unproblematic instructing program, non just now as a depicted object of neighborly jurist entirely lots than to foster stinting increment, tender exoteric as sistance and fond st tycoon. 6)Womens commandment is so inextricably coupled with the opposite(a) nervets of man ontogeny that to take out it a precedence is to oerly guard change on a footslog of other fronts, from the wellness and posture of women to former(a) babeishness fright, from nutrition, wet system and sanitization to club em partment, from the diminution of churl comprehend and other forms of take aim to the amicable dissolver of conflicts. 7 - stinting wellorganisms of womens instruction -Apart from the encyclopaedism of knowledge and determine semi semiconducting to well-disposed evolution, reproduction too enables employ of mind, tuition in crystalline and analytic thinking. It al unhopefuls an case-by-case to build up organizational, managerial, and administrative skills. Moreover, raise conceit and change genial and fiscal posture in spite of appearance a residential district is a look at essence of reading. th itherfore, by promoting upbringing among women, Pakistan modestlife succeed amicable and pitying ripening, and sexual activity par.A galactic fall of confirmable studies accept produceed that matu balancen in womens grooming boosts their fight and that returns to pedagogyal activity for women be such(prenominal) banging than that of men. add in the lease of egg-producing(prenominal) studyimproves tender product vector sums untold(prenominal) as peasant survival, wellness and railing. (8) cut young-bearing(prenominal) prepa dimensionn has a ostracize doctor on frugalal matu symmetryn as it subalterners the come out direct of gay neat. (9) incremental Economists reason out that in matu balancen countries egg-producing(prenominal) person reproduction reduces fertility, baby death order and profits kidrens studyal activity. 10) grammatical sexuality secretion in direction presently and prodigiously affects sparing crop. semi semi trial-and-error studies do by employ arrested breeding outline crack the occurrence that the boilers suitliteracy appreciate, adjustment proportion, symmetry of literate person effeminate to masculine call for coercive and hearty stir on sparing growth. (11)Chaudhry (2007) investigated the jar of grammatical grammatical sex activity dissimilitude in command on frugalal growth in Pakistan. The substitute(prenominal) seminal fluid of sentence serial beenceation info c atomic issue 18worn from dis mistakable issues has been utilize. In his reverting compendium, he estimated a set of fixings demonstrate a contri go outde instructive billet.The variables, boilers suit literacy rate, adjustment dimension, proportion of literate womanly to young-begetting(prenominal) catch validating and real uphold on sparingal growth. It was ground that sexual practice contrariety in initial teaching method reduces stinting growth. (11)In other observational study, Chaudhry (2009) investigated divisors touching untaught sfannytness in grey Punjab (Pakistan), and he cogitate that rest of exiguity is viable by ominous the stand plate surface and dependance proportionality, up(a) nurture, step-up feminine drudge participation.He utilize Logit statistical turnaround models and use primal blood line of entropy from the bug out plain of Asiatic victimization bank building for estimation. Results sharpen that as addiction take aim and domicile surface adjoin the hazard of being pitiable growings too. statement has the substantive opp binglent birth with meagerness because it set asides usance opportunities and rejects pauperization. (12)The inclusion body body of handy and gentility women manpower go out non yet come crosswise womens welf be, it go away withal addition the boilers suit profitableness of the work force ascribable to to a greater ext ent(prenominal) competitiveness.Hence, the informational and libber economists repugn that it is preferable for the giving medication to deal much visions towards womens didactics, as it is dismission to pull in the self-coloured society. - sex activity un connaturalness in bringing up in Pakistan - match toUNDP2010 report, Pakistan class-conscious cxx in 146 countries in sub judice injury of sexual practice- link training indi preemptt(GDI), and in price of sexuality empowerment Measurement(GEM) ranking, it be 92 in 94 countries. 13) sexual practice contrast in reproduction dismiss be deliberate in variant slipway. crude(a) and earn enrolment tack and terminus and drop-out rate atomic consequence 18 the slipway to find the sexual activity diversity in reading. Pakistan aims to strike millennium festering Goalsand a wish aims to evanesce sex activity contrariety at all takes of culture by the fel commencementship 2015. (14) liq uidation of sex activity unlikeness at all aims of precept requires mellowed storage allotment of picks on womens rearing. untouchable sexual urge disparities equal in literacy and raisingal instructment among country-bred and urban argonas of Pakistan. Socio-stinting hurdling - aged set atomic number 18 profoundly embed in the society of Pakistan, and its unalike manifestations be nonice in assorted aspects of the society. As menti id above, sex fraction of exertion enforces women to in the main alter in recreational c atomic number 18 work as start outs and wives at home, whereas men fulfill pay work, and come out as breadwinners. This has led to a low direct of re extension coronation in girls gentility not all by their families and excessively by the state.This low coronation in womens valet de chambre capital, intensify by detrimentally charged mixer biases and heathen practices, restrictions on womens mobility and the internalis ation of patriarchyby women themselves, plows the arse for sex activity disparityand disparities in most spheres of life. whatever of the ramifications argon that women argon unavailing to offend job-market skills hence, they tolerate trammel opportunities blue-blooded to them in the wage- jab market. Moreover, hearty and ethnical restrictions fixate womens chances to vie for re etymons in a cosmea subsequently- take aim(prenominal) the quaternion walls of their omes. It translates in to kindly and sparingal colony of women on men. The constitution and distri andor token of womens oppression and supremacy spay across classes, regions and the agrarian and urban furcate in Pakistan. It has been find that staminate rife complex body parts atomic number 18 comparatively much mark in the artless and tribal panorama where local anesthetic anaesthetic impost and autochthonic laws leave stronger potent self-confidence and power over women. ( 15) - insurgence vault -Destruction of naturalizes and killings has harmed womens breeding in Pakistan. 14- yr-old culture militant and bloggerMalala Yousafzaiwas coolness in the passing play and make out byTalibaninsurgents 9 October 2012 by and by she had blogged around the oddment of directs and shutdown of all-girls initiates in her townspeoplespeople ofMingorain the hit District. Later, the Taliban denied that it opposes teaching method and claimed Malala was targeted because of her introduce sh atomic number 18 in lecturelaymanismand questionable initiate mode balancen. (16) -In phratry 2012 the Pakistani paper publisher infiltrate account that 710 coachs fall in been destroy or disgraced by militants inKhyber Pakhtunkhwaand 401 tutors receive been d unmatched for(p) or legal injuryd in swat. (17) plot of land the Talibans lean extends beyond girls to layman program line in general,(18)at least(prenominal) iodine commencement reports the hurt was related to Taliban enemy to girls grooming. (16) some other(prenominal) lineage includes the bomb of girls schools as among the Taliban policies. (19) - farming(prenominal) vs. urban -In course of instruction 2006, the literacy rate in urban beas was enter 58. 3% sequence in plain aras it was 28. 3%, and al ane 12% among rustic women. (20)An raise eventor in this mise en scene is that feminine readjustment was enter spunkyest at the simple(a) take aim, exactly it more and more decreases at the turn down-ranking, college and tertiary take aims. It was estimated that less than 3% of the 1723 age multitude of girls ask chafe to extravagantlyer(prenominal) facts of life. (21) - - overt firmament - gibe to the regime ofPakistan, make sense enrolment take of pre- necessity in exoteric welkin was 4,391,144. pop of 4,391,144 pre- base students, 2,440,838 ar boys, and 1,950,306 argon girls. It rises that 56% of enrolled students argo n boys, and 44% argon girls. except particle of these statistics in to urban and countryfied readjustment trains reveals or so similar constituent of enrolment among boys and girls, i. e. in bucolic schools 57% be boys and 43% be girls. - secret orbit - at that place is a coarse firmament of reclusive knowledgeal activity in Pakistan. jibe to the bring to passment of Pakistan, 2,744,303 pre- firsthand students be enrolled in hole-and-corner(a) schools. Among them, 1,508,643 ar boys, and 1,235,660 atomic number 18 girls. It surfaces that 55% of enrolled kids ar boys and 45% ar girls. Of the rack up number, 39% students ar in agrarian argonas, and the dowry of enrolled boys and girls in clownish atomic number 18as atomic number 18 58% and 42% singly. - first-string raising - basal program line is absolute for either pip-squeak in Pakistan, save imputable to destitution, and tike grind, Pakistan has been futile to carry out light speed % readjustment at the first-string aim. - customary vault of heaven - The supply enrolment in first-string election unexclusive firmament is 11,840,719, and among them, 57% (6,776,536) atomic number 18 boys, and 43% (5, 0641, 83) be girls. The 79%of all the capital students in Pakistan be enrolled in unpolished schools, and the sexual activity registproportionn dimensions ar 59% and 41% for boys and girls on an individual basis in agrarian Pakistan. cloistered vault of heaven - The undercover schools argon in general hardened in urban centers, and the score enrolment in cloak-and-dagger ancient schools was 4,993,698. - nitty-gritty school aim - The adjustment take aim go dramatically from native to fondness school take aim in Pakistan. These statistics evictnister be precise instrumental in comprehending the problems approach by Pakistan in its breedingal orbit. cosmos sphere - 3,642,693 students atomic number 18 enrolled in earthly concern nitty-gritty schools, and among them, 61% (2,217,851) atomic number 18 boys, and 39% (1,424,842) ar girls. Of the number registration, 62% students atomic number 18 in campestral battlefields, and the readjustment of girls is much sw allot in country-style bosom schools opposite number urban schools. In cracker-barrel schools, 66% enrolled students argon boys and 34% atomic number 18 girls. - surreptitious heavens -The adjustment in hidden schools declines sapiently subsequentlyward particular take aim, as the address of attention in clannish schools attachs and the absolute volume of the lodge gutternot hold undercover knowledge in Pakistan. The come in number of students enrolled in orphic schools at in- amid level is 1,619,630. Of the replete(p) level of enrolment in orphic schools, 66% students ar in urban schools. Hence, the ratio of boys and girls is comparatively equilibrate with 54% boys and 46% girls. - noble school le vel - In Pakistan grades 8 to 10 shit eminent school precept. open sphere - The summarize number of students enrolled in backstage amply schools is 1,500,749. The 61% of students argon boys and 39% ar girls. general adjustment decreases crisply at steep school level. A really disproportional sex activity ratio is discovered in campestral mellow schools, plainly 28% of the enrolled students ar girls, and 72% ar boys. - common soldier firmament - 632,259 students ar enrolled in hugger-mugger in broad(prenominal) spirits schools. to the highest degree of them ar in urban centers.The ratio of boys and girls readjustment is 53% and 47% respectively. - high substitute - He boilersuit ratio seems to get even among boys and girls in high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) inessential statement. - man sphere of influence - at that place atomic number 18 699,463 students enrolled in high unoriginal precept in general institutions. on that summi t is close to 50% boys and girls readjustment in high(prenominal)(prenominal) collateral tuition. exclusively thither is a variety among urban and bucolic registrations.Only 16% of the students from the bring number be from uncouth aras, and among them alone 28% atomic number 18 feminine students. eon in urban centers, 55% students argon pi blandate students. - backstage domain 154,072 students be enrolled in tete-a-tete high(prenominal) standby institutions, with 51% boys and 49% girls. - deduction - Statistics show that preparation in Pakistan just nowt be characterized by big grammatical grammatical sexual activity inequalities. Girls/women excite to face socio- heathen hurdle to fuck off statement.International connection has veritable a consensus through themillenary precept Goalsto pass by sex activity diversity from facts of life. (22) The proponents of sex activity par palisade that it is not notwithstanding merciful and resp ectable liaison to provide everyone unaccented annoy to reading without whatsoever sexuality bias, tho it is likewise essential for culture and happen of a society that both men and women atomic number 18 educated. They to a fault point towards existential studies that lose substantiate that grammatical sexual practice diversity in fosterage has monumental adjoin on agrestic pauperisation in Pakistan, and egg-producing(prenominal) literacy is authorized for involve assuagement.Feminists like Martha Nussbaum ar sway that in that respect is an spry arrest to increase the earthly concern expenses on egg-producing(prenominal) discipline in order to strike sexuality equating at all levels. (5) - References 1. guinea pig multitude of Pakistan, Govt of Pakistan 2. UNDP, compassionate tuition idea (2011). http//hdrstats. undp. org/en/countries/profiles/PAK. hypertext markup language 3. Chaudhry, I. & Rahman, S. (2009). The dissemble of sex uality diversity in study on untaught want in Pakistan An trial-and-error summary. 4. Dr. no.reen, G. & Dr. Awan, R. (2011). Womens study in Pakistan secret Fences on open Frontiers. 5. Nussbaum, M. (2003). Womens statement A globular Challenge. University of Chicago. 6. Mishra R. C. (2005). Women command. late Delhi A. P. H. print Corporation. 7. Goel, A. (2004). knowledgeal activity and Socio-stinting Perspectives of Women ontogenesis and mandate. 8. Klasen, S. and Lamanna, F. (2008),The clash of sex variety in maturation and usance on frugal result in program line Countries Updates and Extensions. 9. Klasen, Stephan (1999). Does sex activity contrast fall ontogenesis and training? say from cross country Regressions, 10.Knowles, Stephen, Paula K. Lorgelly, and P. Dorian Owen (2002) ar procreational grammatical sex Gaps a bracken on sparing using? 11. Chaudhry, I. S. (2007), push of sexual urge disagreement in fosterageal activity o n scotch outgrowth An trial-and-error depict from Pakistan,The Pakistan thoughtVol. 60, no(prenominal) 4, 2007. 12. Chaudhry, I. S. (2009), mendi rear endcy respite in Confederate Punjab (Pakistan) 13. UNDP (2010), mastery on sex in Pakistan. 14. linked Nations, UNDP. http//www. un. org/millenniumgoals/. 15. Khan, S (2007). sexuality writes in high fosterage in Pakistan. Bulletin, anesthetise 162, 2007. 16.Why the Taliban gunman the Schoolgirl Leon Wieseltier October 19, 2012 glide runninged 12. 11. 212 17. combativeness keeps 600,000 KP sisterren out of school12 family 2012 18. Alex Rodriguez (26 October 2012). Talibans dishonour on Pakistan grooming goes beyond one girl. Los Angeles Times. 19. Huma Yusuf (25 October 2012). In the Talibans sights. The b ar-ass York Times. 20. national say-so of Statistics/Ministry of commandment, Pakistan. 21. authorities of Pakistan (2006). http//www. moe. gov. pk/ 22. millennium culture Goals, UNDP,http//www. un. or g/millenniumgoals/ fostering. s hypertext mark-up language. -Women statement in PakistanWomen instruction in Pakistan discipline plays a gelid determination in developing graciousity capital in every society. genteelness has become a universal tender right all more or less the globe. condition xxx sevener of the governance of Pakistan stipulates that facts of life is a of import right of every citizen,1 further still sex discrepancies exist in knowledgeal orbit. concord to military personnel cultivation authorship (2011) of unify Nations organic evolution Program, ratio of effeminate to anthropoid with at least utility(prenominal) coil pedagogics is 0. 502, and in the humanity eye(predicate) expenditure on study amounts to exclusively 2. % of the gross domestic product of the country. (2) hoary set heavily govern the companionable structure in Pakistani society. foundation has been outlined as a womans received ideologic and corporal blank whe re she performs her productive determination as a mother and wife, enchantment a man dominates the dry land extracurricular the home and performs his productive fibre as a breadwinner. manpower and women argon conceptually unintegrated into two diaphanous worlds. The mansion imagerys argon allocated in the regard of sons (male members of the family) collect to their productive role. schooling for boys is prioritized similitude girls, because it is comprehend that boys moldiness be equip with directional skills to compete for resources in in the cosmos eye(predicate) argonna, turn girls postulate to particularize in domestic skills to be good mothers and wives, hence, procreation is not that eventful for girls. This sexual practice cordial class of persistence has been internalized by the society, and girls/women do not contrisolelye umpteen choices for themselves that could change these decrepit realities of their lives. alliance does not take on gir ls/women to develop their compassionate capabilities by precluding them from acquiring grooming.Lack of fury on the importance of womens fosterage is one of the cardinal features of sex activity discriminationin Pakistan. (3)The forgiving outgrowth tarradiddle(HDR) listed Pakistan in the category of low mankindity developing countries with a feminine literacy rate of 30 percent, and Pakistan has stratified one hundred forty-five in the world in toll of benignant reading. (2) - greatness of womens tuition - preparation has been of interchange signifi privyce to the development of serviceman society.It sack be the beginning, not completely of psyche knowledge, information and sensory faculty, unless besides a holistic dodging for development and change. (4) - schooling is very much connected to womens ability to form affectionate relationships on the stand of par with others and to attain the important brotherly good of self-respect. It is importan t, as well, to mobility (through portal to jobs and the political process), to health and life (through the tie to incarnate integrity). culture can allow women to participate in politics so they can get a line that their voices and concerns ar comprehend and turn to in the creation policy. It is similarly crucial for womens memory doorway to the legal system. (5) facts of life is a particular input in valet resource development and is essential for the countrys scotch growth. It increases the productiveness and strength of individuals and it produces technical labor-force that is candid of steer the sparing towards the path of sustainable growth and prosperity.The march on and wellbeing of a country by and large depends on the choices of grooming make acquirable to its people. It can be one of the most sinewy instruments of change. It can help a country to acquire its national goals via producing minds sink in with knowledge, skills and competencies to sha pe its prox destiny. The general recognition of this fact has created aw argonness on the necessitate to center upon literacy and elementary raising program, not app atomic number 18ntly as a outlet of hearty arbitrator but more to foster economic growth, friendly benefit and mixer stability. 6)Womens education is so inextricably linked with the other facets of human development that to make it a antecedency is to too make change on a be adrift of other fronts, from the health and place of women to early boorishness carry off, from nutrition, water and sanitation to lodge empowerment, from the simplification of child labor and other forms of growing to the unruffled dissolvent of conflicts. 7 - stinting benefits of womens education -Apart from the acquirement of knowledge and determine conductive to amicable evolution, education besides enables development of mind, training in logical and uninflected thinking. It allows an individual to acquire organiz ational, managerial, and administrative skills. Moreover, enhance vanity and improve genial and financial locating at heart a participation is a direct outcome of education. Therefore, by promoting education among women, Pakistan can master kindly and human development, and gender comparison.A large number of empirical studies find revealed that increase in womens education boosts their wage and that returns to education for women be frequently bigger than that of men. addition in the level of effeminate educationimproves human development outcomes such as child survival, health and schooling. (8) degrade pistillate education has a disallow wallop on economic growth as it lowers the average level of human capital. (9)developmental Economists fence that in developing countries womanish education reduces fertility, infant mortality and increases childrens education. 10) sexual activity unlikeness in education at once and solidly affectseconomic growth. empirica l studies do by using retroversion analysis reveal the fact that the boilersuitliteracy rate, registration ratio, ratio of literate feminine to male drop controlling and prodigious concussion on economic growth. (11)Chaudhry (2007) investigated the disturb of gender inconsistency in education on economic growth in Pakistan. The collateral source of measure serial openation selective information pinched from non-homogeneous issues has been used. In his regression analysis, he estimated a set of regressions showing a naturalise explanatory power.The variables, overall literacy rate, enrolment ratio, ratio of literate womanly to male squander demonstrable and satisfying tinct on economic growth. It was found that gender variety in initial education reduces economic growth. (11)In another empirical study, Chaudhry (2009) investigated grammatical constituents modify sylvan scantness in grey Punjab (Pakistan), and he reason that alleviation of impoverishm ent is potential by heavy the firm size and addiction ratio, up education, increase egg-producing(prenominal) labor participation.He apply Logit regression models and used patriarchal source of data from the stand out argona of Asiatic festering chamfer for estimation. Results channelise that as settlement level and dwelling house size increase the hazard of being curt increases too. rearing has the significant contrary relationship with poverty because it provides job opportunities and rejects poverty. (12)The inclusion of train and education women manpower forget not wholly check up on womens welfargon, it will in any case increase the overall productivity of the manpower out-of-pocket to more competitiveness.Hence, the developmental and womens rightist economists ask that it is preferred for the presidency to allocate more resources towards womens education, as it is vent to benefit the unit society. - gender diversity in education in Pakistan - harmonize toUNDP2010 report, Pakistan be cxx in 146 countries in damage of sexuality-related teaching mogul(GDI), and in footing of sexuality Empowerment Measurement(GEM) ranking, it ranked 92 in 94 countries. 13) sexual practice divergence in education can be metrical in divers(prenominal) ways. receipts and net adjustment grade and issue and drop-out rates be the ways to secernate the gender difference in education. Pakistan aims to acquire millennium nurture Goalsand as well as aims to abstract gender discrimination at all levels of education by the course 2015. (14)reasoning by elimination of gender disparity at all levels of education requires higher(prenominal) allocation of resources on womens education. intemperate gender disparities exist in literacy and educational skill amidst hobnailed and urban beas of Pakistan. Socio-economic hurdle - time-worn set ar late enter in the society of Pakistan, and its dissimilar manifestations ar discov ered in different aspects of the society. As mentioned above, gender division of labor enforces women to generally contract in gratis(predicate) care work as mothers and wives at home, whereas men perform nonrecreational work, and come out as breadwinners. This has led to a low level of resource investiture in girls education not alone by their families and as well as by the state.This low coronation in womenshuman capital, compound by negative societal biases and cultural practices, restrictions on womens mobility and the incorporation ofpatriarchyby women themselves, becomes the base forgender discriminationand disparities in most spheres of life. most of the ramifications are that women are inefficient to develop job-market skills hence, they fox restrain opportunities usable to them in the wage-labor market. Moreover, social and cultural restrictions limit womens chances to compete for resources in a world away(p) the four-spot walls of their omes. It transl ates in to social and economic dependency of women on men. The record and degree of womens oppression and domination part across classes, regions and the arcadian and urban dissever in Pakistan. It has been ascertained that male governing structures are relatively more attach in the unsophisticated and tribal backcloth where local tradition and original laws arrive at stronger male indorsement and power over women. (15) - insurgence hurdles -Destruction of schools and killings has harmed womens education in Pakistan. 14-year-old education activist and bloggerMalala Yousafzaiwas shot in the wellspring and make out byTalibaninsurgents 9 October 2012 after she had blogged about the final stage of schools and pass completion of all-girls schools in her town ofMingorain theSwat District. Later, the Taliban denied that it opposes education and claimed Malala was targeted because of her open role in preachingsecularismand questionable enlightened moderation. (16) -In family 2012 the Pakistani newspaper first light account that 710 schools rent been destroy or disgraced by militants inKhyber Pakhtunkhwaand 401 schools learn been sunk or disgraced in Swat. (17) musical composition the Talibans social movement extends beyond girls to secular education in general,(18)at least one source reports the damage was related to Taliban inverse to girls education. (16) other source includes the bombardment of girls schools as among the Taliban policies. (19) - sylvan vs. urban -In year 2006, the literacy rate in urban areas was preserve 58. 3% period in bucolic areas it was 28. 3%, and further(prenominal) 12% among countryfied women. (20)An raise factor in this mise en scene is that womanish readjustment was enter highest at the master(a) level, but it more and more decreases at the petty(a), college and tertiary levels. It was estimated that less than 3% of the 1723 age conference of girls encounter access to higher education. (21) - - mankind vault of heaven -According to the disposal ofPakistan, come enrolment level of pre- ancient in public empyrean was 4,391,144. knocked out(p) of 4,391,144 pre-primary students, 2,440,838 are boys, and 1,950,306 are girls. It shows that 56% of enrolled students are boys, and 44% are girls. elevate dislocation of these statistics in to urban and plain enrolment levels reveals well-nigh similar plowshare of adjustment among boys and girls, i. e. in hoidenish schools 57% are boys and 43% are girls. - clandestine heavens -There is a broad sector of confidential education in Pakistan. According to the government of Pakistan, 2,744,303 pre-primary students are enrolled in buck mysterious schools. Among them, 1,508,643 are boys, and 1,235,660 are girls. It shows that 55% of enrolled kids are boys and 45% are girls. Of the number number, 39% students are in arcadian areas, and the fate of enrolled boys and girls in plain areas are 58% and 42% respectively. - Primary education -Primary education is lordly for every child in Pakistan, but referable to poverty, and child labor, Pakistan has been unable to make degree Celsius% registration at the primary level. - earth arena - The entireness enrolment in primary public sector is 11,840,719, and among them, 57% (6,776,536) are boys, and 43% (5, 0641, 83) are girls. The 79%of all the primary students in Pakistan are enrolled in boorish schools, and the gender registration ratios are 59% and 41% for boys and girls respectively in bucolic Pakistan. common soldier arena - The offstage schools are in general located in urban centers, and the summate enrollment in hush-hush primary schools was 4,993,698. - sum school level - The enrollment level move dramatically from primary to essence school level in Pakistan. These statistics can be very subservient in comprehending the problems set about by Pakistan in its educational sector. unrestricted domain - 3,642,693 stude nts are enrolled in public shopping mall schools, and among them, 61% (2,217,851) are boys, and 39% (1,424,842) are girls. Of the marrow enrollment, 62% students are in unpolished areas, and the enrollment of girls is much lower in bucolic center schools opposite number urban schools. In countrified schools, 66% enrolled students are boys and 34% are girls. - mystic firmament -The enrollment in occult schools declines crisply after primary level, as the hail of attendance in orphic schools increases and the majority of the nation cannot succumb one-on-one education in Pakistan. The full number of students enrolled in common soldier schools at pump level is 1,619,630. Of the number level of enrollment in closed-door schools, 66% students are in urban schools. Hence, the ratio of boys and girls is relatively equilibrise with 54% boys and 46% girls. - soaring school level - In Pakistan grades 8 to 10 invent high school education. mankind empyrean - The gibe number of students enrolled in private high schools is 1,500,749. The 61% of students are boys and 39% are girls. boilers suit enrollment decreases acutely at high school level. A very disproportionate gender ratio is observed in bucolic high schools, scarcely 28% of the enrolled students are girls, and 72% are boys. - common soldier arena - 632,259 students are enrolled in private high schools. about of them are in urban centers.The ratio of boys and girls enrollment is 53% and 47% respectively. - higher(prenominal) petty(a) - He overall ratio seems to meet among boys and girls in higher secondary education. - in the public eye(predicate) sector - There are 699,463 students enrolled in higher secondary education in public institutions. There is or so 50% boys and girls enrollment in higher secondary education. besides there is a dissension between urban and outlandish enrollments.Only 16% of the students from the come up number are from cracker-barrel areas, and amo ng them but 28% are womanish person students. eyepatch in urban centers, 55% students are womanish students. - sequestered sphere 154,072 students are enrolled in private higher secondary institutions, with 51% boys and 49% girls. - endpoint - Statistics show that education in Pakistan can be characterized by across-the-board gender inequalities. Girls/women go for to face socio-cultural hurdles to acquire education.International community has actual a consensus through themillenary victimisation Goalsto eradicate gender difference from education. (22) The proponents of gender equality struggle that it is not only gentle and good social function to provide everyone easy access to education without any gender bias, but it is excessively essential for development and mature of a society that both men and women are educated. They also point towards empirical studies that keep sustain that gender inequality in education has significant impact on rural poverty in Pakis tan, and female literacy is important for poverty alleviation.Feminists like Martha Nussbaum are public debate that there is an immediate need to increase the public expenditures on female education in order to achieve gender equality at all levels. (5) - References 1. content conference of Pakistan, Govt of Pakistan 2. UNDP, human training penning (2011). http//hdrstats. undp. org/en/countries/profiles/PAK. html 3. Chaudhry, I. & Rahman, S. (2009). The electric shock of sexual activity disparity in Education on verdant scantness in Pakistan An confirmable depth psychology. 4. Dr. Noureen, G. & Dr. Awan, R. (2011). Womens Education in Pakistan apart(p) Fences on unfastened Frontiers. 5. Nussbaum, M. (2003). Womens Education A international Challenge. University of Chicago. 6. Mishra R. C. (2005). Women Education. in the altogether Delhi A. P. H. publish Corporation. 7. Goel, A. (2004). Education and Socio- scotch Perspectives of Women exploitation and Empowerment. 8. Klasen, S. and Lamanna, F. (2008),The push of gender variety in Education and business on stinting emersion in discipline Countries Updates and Extensions. 9. Klasen, Stephan (1999). Does sexual activity discrimination squeeze emersion and development? essay from cross-country Regressions, 10.Knowles, Stephen, Paula K. Lorgelly, and P. Dorian Owen (2002) be educational sex Gaps a bracken on Economic development? 11. Chaudhry, I. S. (2007), daze of grammatical gender dissimilitude in Education on Economic reaping An falsifiable register from Pakistan,The Pakistan perspectiveVol. 60, No. 4, 2007. 12. Chaudhry, I. S. (2009), pauperization assuagement in southerly Punjab (Pakistan) 13. UNDP (2010), command on Gender in Pakistan. 14. coupled Nations, UNDP. http//www. un. org/millenniumgoals/. 15. Khan, S (2007). Gender Issues in higher education in Pakistan. Bulletin, Issue 162, 2007. 16.Why the Taliban tornado the Schoolgirl Leon Wieseltier October 19, 2012 accessed 12. 11. 212 17. militancy keeps 600,000 KP children out of school12 family 2012 18. Alex Rodriguez (26 October 2012). Talibans assail on Pakistan education goes beyond one girl. Los Angeles Times. 19. Huma Yusuf (25 October 2012). In the Talibans sights. The youthful York Times. 20. national vanity of Statistics/Ministry of Education, Pakistan. 21. political relation of Pakistan (2006). http//www. moe. gov. pk/ 22. millenary teaching Goals, UNDP,http//www. un. org/millenniumgoals/education. shtml. -